ITC-110-LEC Prelim lectures.pptx

Introduction to computing Computer Concepts © G. Clemente Part 1 – Data Processing Data Processing  A process of transforming data into useful and meaningful information. It involves the gathering of facts and has then converted into useful information. Data  Unorganized facts or r...

Introduction to computing Computer Concepts © G. Clemente Part 1 – Data Processing Data Processing  A process of transforming data into useful and meaningful information. It involves the gathering of facts and has then converted into useful information. Data  Unorganized facts or raw materials of information. Information  Data has been organized and processed so that it is meaningful. The result of the transformation process. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing DATA PROCESSING CYCLE 1. Origination  Refers to the initial capture of data on some of document which referred to as source documents 2. Input  Refers to the accurate recording of data and makes them ready for processing in a convenient form. a. Editing the process of selecting significant data and eliminating those, which do not need to be recorded for. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing b. Coding the process of reducing the amount of data to be processed by using codes. c. Verifying the process of checking the accuracy of data gathered to ensure correctness of a data to be processed. 3. Processing  Refers to the actual conversion of data into useful and meaningful information by performing operations on input a. Classifying the process if grouping data into classes data. according to their common characteristics. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing b. Sorting the process of rearranging theses classified data into a predetermined sequence, numerically, alphabetically, or chronologically. c. Calculating the process of performing mathematical and logical operations. d. Summarizing the process of decreasing the levels of details of data into tables, list, totals, or other summarized 4. Output forms.  Refers to the process of generating the information by collecting the results of the previous processing steps and providing it to the user. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing a. Reproducing the process of copying or duplication the processed data as many copies as necessary for distribution to more than one user. b. Communicating the processed data may be communicated orally or in writing. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing Areas of data processing 1. Business Data Processing  Involves a large volume of input data, limited arithmetical operations and a corresponding large volume of output data. It includes repetitive operations or calculation like processing of monthly payroll report 2. Scientific data processing  involves a limited volume of input and many logical or arithmetical calculations. It is involve with problems, which require a non-repetitive, one time solution. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing Example of this area is the processing done on data gathered from cancer patients by those scientists involve with cancer research. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing Categories of data processing 1. Manual Data Processing  Implies the extended use of human labor characterized by the use of tools and materials such as pencils, pens, carbon papers, and the like, to perform the necessary operations. 2. Mechanical Data Processing  Requires a constant manual intervention with the assistance of some office and bookkeeping machines like typewriter, adding machine, typesetting machine and the like © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing 3. Electromechanical Data Processing  Requires a constant manual intervention with the assistance of some office and bookkeeping machines like typewriter, electronic adding machine, typesetting machine and the like. 4. Electronic Data Processing  Involves the use of electronic computers to convert data into a machine-readable form to produce the necessary information. © G. Clemente, Part 1 – Data Processing Methods of data processing 1. Batch data processing transactions are grouped or batched and entered consecutively one after the other. 2. Online data processing requires a fast response and cannot tolerate any delays in performing the operations 3. Real-time data processing requires a fast response and cannot tolerate any delays in performing the operations 4. Distributed data processing considered as the most compiles level of computer processing, which generally consists of remote terminals centrally linked to main computer. © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts WHAT IS A COMPUTER Computer  an electronic device deigned to accept data and instructions, use these instructions to perform logical and mathematical operations on the data and report the results of its processing as information. © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS 1. It is a machine 2. it is electronic 3. It is automatic 4. It can manipulate data 5. It has memory 6. It has logical function © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS 1. Speed 2. Accuracy 3. Repetitiveness 4. Storage 5.Programmable © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS 1. Computers cannot operate without being given a set of instructions 2. Computers cannot able to derive meanings from objects 3. Computers can detect errors but cannot correct them 4. Computers are subject to occasional breakdowns © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS 1. According to purpose a. General Purpose computers - capable of dealing with a variety of different problems b. Special-purpose Computers - designed to perform a specific task, with limited capabilities and the program of instructions is built into the machine © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts 2. According to data handled a. Analog Computers deal with continuously changing physical! data such as pressure temperature (or data that can be measured). They arc used for Scientific, engineering and process-control purposes operations which result to approximated values b. Digital computers work with values that are discrete form (or data that can be counted). They are used for business applications, and also scientific operations, and are ideal when 100% accuracy is desired. © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts c. Hybrid Computers incorporate in a single machine the capabilities of the analog and digital computers. They are used in space vehicle simulations and training of astronauts. 3. According to Capacity a. Microcomputers- small computers that are portable. Uses microprocessor (the CPU on a chip), Read-Only Memory (ROM) and Random-Access Memory (RAM). It is sometimes known as a single chip processor or a system on a chip. © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts b. Minicomputers- Machines, which are in the middle of microcomputers and mainframes in terms of cost and capability. c. Mainframes- the biggest, most expensive and the oldest category, these are mostly used by banks, airline and insurance companies that handles millions of transactions © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM A system is an organized group of related and interdependent elements, parts or components interacting with one another in performing the individual and specific task for the purpose of meeting one or more goals and objectives. An example of this is an Computer system which consists of the following: © G. Clemente, Part II – Computer Concepts 1. Hardware- refers to the internal and external physical compositions of the computer. 2. Software refers to a set of instructions that is to be executed by the computer called program 3. Peopleware refers to the personnel! involved within the computer installation or could be anybody who wants their job to be done using computer 4. Dataware refers to the steps specifying the manner certain are to be accomplished. © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE Hardware in the physical components of the computer system whether internal or external that are tangible in nature INTERNAL HARDWARE (ORGANiZaTION) 1. Central Processing Unit (The processor)  the brain of the computer who does the actual work of executing the instructions in the program © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE Parts of the (CPU) a. Control Unit (CU) - Interprets the program instructions and directs the other parts of the CPU and communicates with the external input/output devices and secondary storage media b. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) - It does ail the calculations, comparison or logical operations on data, as directed by the Control Unit © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE Other parts that go along with the processor: a. Bus - is an electronic circuit that sends data and messages between the other components b. Ports - attach input and output devices to the computer c. Expansion - slots allow the addition of extra features such as mouse, memory expansions, and color graphics to the computer d. Registers - are special temporary storage which quick accepts, stores and transfers data and instructions for immediate use © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE 2. Memory Unit  where the computer program or data are stored during processing Types of Memory a. Internal Memory  Random-Access memory (RAM) refers to as Main Memory or Primary Memory. It is a volatile type of memory which stores data and instructions that have been input and are waiting to be processed stores the result of processing until they are released to the output devices © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE  Read Only Memory (ROM) contains permanent stored instructions that devices cannot be changed. As it name implies, it is possible to read a ROM, but is not possible to write a new data into it. b. External Memory  Secondary Memory - a non-volatile type of memory that is responsible for keeping files permanently, It has two types: 1. Sequential storage devices such as tapes 2. Direct access storage devices as diskettes © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE c. Input and Output Unit  This allows communication between the computer and its outside world via input and output devices. It is an entity within a computer responsible tor the control of one or more external devices and for the exchange of data between. those devices and the CPU and/or main memory © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE EXTERNAL HARDWARE/PERIPHERALS Peripherals refer to the external devices attached to the computer. That is they cannot function without the computer, Categories of External Hardware 1. Input Hardware - accept or collect data and con vert it into a form suitable for processing 2. Processing hardware - retrieve and execute the instructions (in form of computer programs) provided to the computer © G. Clemente, Part III – HARDWARE 3. Storage Hardware- temporarily or permanently store data used for processing and the output of such processing 4. Output hardware - to provide a means for the used to view information produced by the computer system. 5. Communication Hardware - to facilitate the connection between computers connected with a network of computers over phone lines and other channels © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE Software – is the non-physical components of the computer that are intangible in nature. This consist of a set of instructions that instruct the hardware what to do is called program. Programs serve as an interface between the hardware and peopleware for the computer system operation. Categories of Software 1. System Software – refers to the programs that assist in the computer operations in general, thereby facilitating the execution of application program. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE Types of System Software 1. Operating systems. Refers to a group of related programs that supervise the executive application program. It is considered as the master control program, executive processor and controller system. 2. Operating Environment refers to program that sit on the top of OS. 3. Utilities a single term for all type of programming aids. 4. Programming Languages these are by themselves programs but used to write other programs. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 5. Language Processor – other termed as translators used to convert source program into a form suitable for execution. a. Compilers translate programs written in high-level languages into machine instructions understandable by the computer. b. Assemblers same functions as with the compilers except that they translate the source program written in Assembly Language. c. Interpreters Instead of translating the complete source programs as compilers do, they perform each instruction © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 2. Application Software the user programs designed to solve problems such as those used in business, engineering and scientific research. Types of Application Software  Package programs commonly called “application package” which are useful to several users. Types of Package Programs 1. Word-Processing Software - Allows inserting, deleting, editing, storing, restoring and printing of documents. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 2. Desktop Publish Software – Combines hardware and software to enable the user to combine text and images on the same page in professional, publishable format for printing 3. Spreadsheet/Table – allows the user to create worksheet/tables of data for financial analysis 4. Database Management Systems – also known as database manager consist of programs issued for maintaining a database or a pool of data. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 5. Graphics software – allows a user to make reports and other presentation using graphs and freedom drawing. 6. Communication Software allows user to access software and data from and to a computer at a remote location. 7. Integrated Software – not only allows the users to create spreadsheets, database and graphs, but also include communication capabilities. 8. Groupware – it is software that is used on networks of © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 9. Software suites – combination of spreadsheet, work processor, graphics communication and groupware in one software. 10.Desktop accessories – serves as n organizer of collected small programs. 11.Personal management software – it is used to monitor large-scale projects schedules, resources and people. 12.CAD Software allows engineer and architects to design products using this software prior to © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE 13.Multimedia Software – programs that allows the use of text, graphics, animation, video and sound. 14.Custom programs – specifically written for an organization or a single user using any programming language. These are tailor-made or user developed programs. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES  Machine Language – this is the language that the computer could directly understand. It uses binary symbols (string of 1s to 0s) to represent data and instructions. Translation of data is not necessary and therefore it requires no processing speed. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE  Symbolic Language – this is the language that used abbreviated instructions called mnemonics. It uses hexadecimal representation for numbers. The computer does not automatically understand these instructions and therefore, need to be converted into machine language for processing. This translator is called Assembler.  High Level Language – this is the language that is directly understandable to the human. © G. Clemente, Part III – SOFTWARE  Being – it uses decimal representation for numbers. As with the symbolic language there is a need o translate high-level language instructions into machine language. The translator used to convert high-level instructions to machine language is called Compiler. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE Peopleware – refers to the personnel involved in data processing operations. It could be someone who has formal in computer or anyone who uses the computer for personal task, enhancement of learning, or merely just to have fun. Dataware or Procedure – refers to rules and policies that govern the operations of the whole computer system. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PEOPLEWARE  Systems programming. Selecting and maintaining the operating systems and other system software, providing technical support in the analysis and selection of hardware.  Systems analysis supervising the entire data processing  operations Application Programming interpreting and translating program specifications into application programs. As well as testing debugging and documenting application programs. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE  Computer operations preparing data and equipment, scheduling and running programs for production. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE PERSONNEL  Data entry operator. Managers the origination, recording, classifying and transcribing of data.  Computer operator operates the central processing unit and the associated peripheral equipment in the computer center. They could perform jobs like aligning printed forms on the output printers or controlling the sequence in which jobs are  executed. Computer programmer – writes the actual instruction that the computer executes in carrying out its functions. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE  System Analysis – concerned with the broader aspects of relating the computer system to the total needs of the organization it serves. They translate the nees of each department into specific records, files and programs.  Computer center director – has the responsibility for the overall functioning of computer personnel, procedures and  equipment. Database Administrator – plays both a technical and administrative role on the organization and use of the database. © G. Clemente, PART IV – PEOPLEWARE AND DATAWARE Example of Dataware o Instruction Manuals o Operating System Procedure o Processing Procedures o Recipe for cooking © G. Clemente, THANK YOU © G. Clemente,