Basic Computer PDF

# Basic Computer - Computer is compute (computation) - Electronic device which perform arthmatical operations at high speed - Process data - Store data ## Data processing steps - Input - Data - Raw materials - Processing - Output - Processed data - Information ## Definition of a compute...

# Basic Computer - Computer is compute (computation) - Electronic device which perform arthmatical operations at high speed - Process data - Store data ## Data processing steps - Input - Data - Raw materials - Processing - Output - Processed data - Information ## Definition of a computer - Computer is a word derived from "compute" which means to calculate - A computer is an electronic device that performs arithmetic operations at high speed -A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired ## Full form of COMPUTER - What is full form of computer? - (a) Competent Operated Machine Particularly used for Technical Education and Research - (b) Commonly Operated Machine particularly used for Technical Education and Research - (c) Commonly Operated Machine Particularly used for Trade Education and Research - (d) Commonly Operated Machine Particularly used for Technical Electron and Research ## Data processing definition The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing - Data - Capture Data - Manipulate Data - Output Result - Information - Data is raw material used as input. - Information is the processed data obtained as output of data processing. ## Characteristics of computers - Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions. - Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12). - Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage In-Garbage-Out (GIGO). - Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. - Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps. - Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so - NO I.Q: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard. - No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgement is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings). ## Computer related words - Data - Alphanumeric form - Information -Processed data - Input - Process Devices - Processing - Main work - Output - Devices Soft Copy, Hard Copy - User - Human ware ## Detailed description of "Data" - Data is a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machines - Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.) ## Detailed description of "Information" - Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. - Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. # Computer Generations - The evolution of computers has been marked by distinct advancements based on technological breakthroughs. These stages are known as computer generations. ## First Generation (1942-55) - **Main component:** Vacuum tube ( approximately 18,000) - **Memory:** Relay memory/drum, punch card - **Language:** Machine language - **Computers:** ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC - ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrated And Calculator - First electronic Computer - UNIVAC - Universal Automatic computer - First Digital Computer - Mark-1 - Electro-mechanical - Fully automatic ## Second Generation (1955-64) - **Main component:** Transistor, replacing vacuum tubes - **Memory:** Magnetic disk, magnetic tape - Using iron oxide layer. - **Language:** Assembly language - **Notable computers:** IBM 1401, IBM 1620, IBM 7090 ## Third Generation (1964-1975) - **Main component:** Integrated Circuits (IC), replacing transistors - J.S Kilby invented IC - LSI introduced, IC used on silicon chip - **Memory:** RAM, magnetic disk, and tape. RAM was introduced, which significantly increased the storage capacity of magnetic tapes and disks. - **Language:** High-level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC. - **Notable computers:** IBM 360 series, IBM 370 series, PDP-11, VAX-11, ## Fourth Generation (1975-1989) - **Main component:** Microprocessors using VLSI (Very large Scale Integration) technology - **Memory:** Semiconductor memory started replacing magnetic disks and tapes. - **Language:** High-level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java, etc. - **Notable computers:** IBM PC, Apple Macintosh. Pentium series, Dual Core, Core to Dual series. ## Fifth Generation (1989-Present) - **Main component:** ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) - **Technology:** Artificial Intelligence (AI), parallel processing, - **Notable computers:** Super computing, networking, and multimedia. ## Differences in the computer generations | Generation | Time period | Main component | Memory | Languages | |---|---|---|---|---| | First Generation | 1942-1955 | Vacuum tube | Relay memory/drum, punch card | Machine language | | Second Generation | 1955-1964 | Transistor | Magnetic disk, magnetic tape | Assembly language | | Third Generation | 1964-1975 | Integrated Circuit (IC) | RAM, magnetic disk, magnetic tape | High-level programming languages (COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC) | | Fourth Generation | 1975-1989 | Microprocessor (VLSI) | Semiconductor memory | High-level programming languages (C, C++, Pascal, Java) | | Fifth Generation | 1989-Present | ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) | Semiconductor memory | High-level programming languages, AI-based languages | - **Technological changes:** In each generation, there were significant advancements in the main component used for computing, leading to increased processing power, storage capacity, and speed. - **Memory evolution:** From punch cards and magnetic tapes to RAM and semiconductor memory, storage technologies have progressed dramatically, allowing for faster data access and larger storage capabilities. - **Software development:** The transition from machine language to assembly language and eventually, to high-level languages, made programming easier and more user-friendly. - **AI adoption:** The fifth generation introduced artificial intelligence, bringing a new era of computing that focuses on mimicking human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities.