IT Fundamentals Lec (2).pdf

Fundamental of Information Technology Lecture 2 Presented by: Dr. Asmaa Hammad  Agenda Information Technology Fundamentals 2  Introduction to Information technology  Software...

Fundamental of Information Technology Lecture 2 Presented by: Dr. Asmaa Hammad  Agenda Information Technology Fundamentals 2  Introduction to Information technology  Software Basics  Types of Computers  Factors that can impact the performance of a computer 3 Software  Software Information Technology Fundamentals 4  Computer Software : a set of instructions that enables physical components of a computer to work in a synchronize way is known as Software.  Computer Software refers to the collection of instructions, data, or programs that are used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.  This set of instructions is often called a program.  Computers cannot do any useful work without instructions from software  Computer software cannot be seen or touched like hardware.  Software Information Technology Fundamentals 5 Types of Software System Application Software Software Language Customized Operating system Processor and General purpose purpose E.g.:- Linux, Device drivers E.g.-. MS-Word, E.g.:- Compiler, E.g.-. airline Windows, etc. MS-Excel, interpreter etc. reservation system  System software Information Technology Fundamentals 6  System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware and provides the basic functionality to the users as well as to the other software to operate smoothly.  Or in other words, system software basically controls a computer’s internal functioning and also controls hardware devices such as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc.  It is like an interface between hardware and user applications, it helps them to communicate with each other because hardware understands machine language(i.e. 1 or 0) whereas user applications are work in human- readable languages like English, Hindi, German, etc. so system software converts the human-readable language into machine language and vice versa.  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 7 1. Operating systems  It is the main program of a computer system. When the computer system ON it is the first software that loads into the computer’s memory.  Basically, it manages all the resources such as computer memory, CPU, printer, hard disk, etc.,  It provides an interface to the user, which helps the user to interact with the computer system.  It also provides various services to other computer software.  Control all hardware and software  Without it the computer does not working.  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 8  Examples of operating systems :-  MS-DOS  UNIX  Windows Operating System  LINUX Operating System  Android Mobile Operating System  iOS Mobile Operating System  Mac OS  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 9  Examples of operating systems :-  MS-DOS MS-DOS which is short for Microsoft Disk Operating System is a non- graphical command line operating system, was initially released on August 12, 1981,  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 10  Examples of operating systems :-  MS- Windows  Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft and provides an interface, known as a graphical user interface(GUI) which eliminates the need to memorize commands for the command line by using a mouse to navigate through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. The operating system was named windows since the programs are displayed in the shape of a square.  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 11  List of Microsoft Windows versions  Windows 98, released in 1998  Windows 1.0, released in 1985  Windows 2000, released in 2000  Windows 2.0, released in 1987  Windows ME, released in 2000  Windows 2.1x, released in 1988  Windows XP, released in 2001  Windows 3.0, released in 1990  Windows XP Professional x64 Edition,  Windows 3.1, released in 1992 released in 2005  Windows NT 3.1, released in 1993  Windows Vista, released in 2007  Windows 3.2, released in 1993  Windows 7, released in 2009  Windows NT 3.5, released in 1994  Windows 8, released in 2012  Windows NT 3.51, released in 1995  Windows 8.1, released in 2013  Windows 95, released in 1995  Windows 10, released in 2015  Windows NT 4.0, released in 1996  Windows 11, released in 2021  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 12 2. Device drivers  A device driver is a program or software that controls a hardware device and helps that device to perform its functions.  Every device like a printer, mouse, etc. needs a driver to connect with the computer system eternally. So, when you connect a new device with your computer system, first you need to install the driver of that device so that your operating system knows how to control or manage that device.  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 13 3. Language Processor:  As we know that system software converts the human-readable language into a machine language and vice versa. So, the conversion is done by the language processor. It converts programs written in high- level programming languages like Java, C, C++, Python, etc. (known as source code), into sets of instructions that are easily readable by machines (known as object code or machine code). E.g.:- Compiler, interpreter etc.  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 14  Features of System Software  System Software is closer to the computer system.  System Software is written in a low-level language in general.  System software is difficult to design and understand.  System software is fast in speed(working speed).  System software is less interactive for the users in comparison to application software  Types of System Software Information Technology Fundamentals 15  APPLICATION SOFTWARE  A software that enables the users to accomplish certain specific tasks.  Following are the types of application software  Web browsing software it allows one to surf the web. Example MS internet explorer  Word processing software allows users to create, edit a document. Example MS word  Spreadsheet software allows users to create document and perform calculation. Example: MS excel etc.  Database software allows users to store and retrieve vast amount of data. Example: MS access etc.  Presentation graphics software allows users to create visual presentation. Example MS power point  Application software Information Technology Fundamentals 16  There are different types of application software and those are:  General Purpose Software: This type of application software is used for a variety of tasks and it is not limited to performing a specific task only. For example, MS- Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.  Customized Software: This type of application software is used or designed to perform specific tasks or functions or designed for specific organizations. For example, railway reservation system, airline reservation system, invoice management system, etc.  Application software Information Technology Fundamentals 17  Features of Application Software  An important feature of application software is it performs more specialized tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, email, etc.  Mostly, the size of the software is big, so it requires more storage space.  Application software is more interactive for the users, so it is easy to use and design.  Application software is written in a high-level language in general, so it is easy to understand.  Difference Between System Software Information and Application Software Technology Fundamentals 18 System Software Application Software It is designed to manage the resources It is designed to fulfill the requirements of the computer system, like memory of the user for performing specific and process management, etc. tasks. Written in a low-level language. Written in a high-level language. Less interactive for the users. More interactive for the users. Application software is not so System software plays vital role for the important for the functioning of the effective functioning of a system. system, as it is task specific. It is independent of the application It needs system software to run. software to run. 19 Types of Computers  Types of Computers Information Technology Fundamentals 20  Here are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. We will discuss the type of computers on the basis of size and data handling capabilities.  Super Computer  Server Computer  Mainframe computer  Analog Computer  Mini Computer  Digital Computer  Hybrid Computer  Workstation Computer  Tablets and Smartphone  Personal Computer (PC)  Super Computer Information Technology Fundamentals 21  Characteristics of Supercomputers  They are largest, fastest and most expensive type of computer.  Perform billions of instructions every second  It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world such as Bitcoin etc.  It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar system, satellites, etc.  It supports thousands of users at the same time  Mainframe computer Information Technology Fundamentals 22  Characteristics of Mainframe Computers  It is also an expensive and large computer.  It has high storage capacity and great performance.  Perform millions of instructions every second  It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the bank , large hospital, businesses ) very quickly.  It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.  It supports hundreds of users at the same time  Minicomputer Information Technology Fundamentals 23  Characteristics of Minicomputer  Its weight is low.  Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.  less expensive than a mainframe computer.  It is fast.  Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting, inventory management,  It supports 4 to 200 users at one time.  Workstation Computer Information Technology Fundamentals 24  Characteristics of Workstation Computer  It is expensive or high in cost.  It provides large storage capacity, better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when compared to a PC.  It is also used to handle animation, data analysis, audio and video creation, and editing.  It is a single-user computer.  It is generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.  Personal Computer (PC) Information Technology Fundamentals 25  Characteristics of PC  It is also known as a microcomputer.  This kind of computer is suitable for personal work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at the office for office work, etc. For example, Laptops and desktop computers.  In this limited number of software can be used.  It is the smallest in size.  It is designed for personal use.  It is easy to use  Analog Computer Information Technology Fundamentals 26  Analog Computers are particularly designed to process analog data.  Analog data are Continuous data that changes continuously, represented by a range of values and cannot have discrete values.  So, an analog computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure, etc.  Analog Computer can directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes.  It measures the continuous changes in physical quantity.  Analog computers don’t have memory.  Digital computers Information Technology Fundamentals 27  Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and logical operations at high speed.  It takes raw data as input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the final output.  It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to produce the result or final output.  All modern computers, like laptops, desktops including smartphones are digital computers.  Hybrid Computer Information Technology Fundamentals 28  The hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers.  Hybrid computers are fast like analog computers and have memory and accuracy like digital computers. So, it has the ability to process both continuous and discrete data.  For working when it accepts analog signals as input then it converts them into digital form before processing the input data. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data are required to be processed.  A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.  Tablet and Smartphones Information Technology Fundamentals 29  Tablets and Smartphones are the types of computers that are pocket friendly and easy to carry is these are handy.  These devices have better hardware capabilities, extensive operating systems, and better multimedia functionality.  Smartphones and tablets contain a number of sensors and are also able to provide wireless communication protocols..  Factors that can impact the performance of Information a computer Technology Fundamentals 30  Processor speed  Memory:  Storage.  I/O devices: The speed and efficiency of input/output devices, such as keyboards , mice, and displays, can impact the overall performance of the system.  Software optimization: The efficiency of the software running on the system, including operating systems and applications, can impact how quickly tasks can be completed.