IT Era Reviewer PDF

MODULE 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Information and Communication Basics ​ Information: Data that has been sorted and arranged; organized facts and opinions ​ Data Processing/Information Processing: The process of changing data into information ​ Commu...

MODULE 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Information and Communication Basics ​ Information: Data that has been sorted and arranged; organized facts and opinions ​ Data Processing/Information Processing: The process of changing data into information ​ Communication: The act of transferring information from one place to another ​ Classic Communication System Components: Information source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, storage, retrieval, and information destination History of ICT ​ Timeline of Communication Technologies: 1.​ Telegraph (1837) 2.​ Telephone (1876) 3.​ Wireless telegraph (1897) 4.​ Shortwave radio (1926) 5.​ High-frequency microwave radio (1946) 6.​ Satellite & space communication (1957) 7.​ Mobile communication handset (1970) Definition of ICT ​ All devices, networking components, applications, and systems that combined allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world Uses of ICT in Daily Life 1.​ Communication 2.​ Job Opportunities 3.​ Education 4.​ Socializing Impacts of ICT on Society Positive Impacts: 1.​ Access to information 2.​ Improved access to education 3.​ New tools 4.​ Communication enhancements  5.​ Information management 6.​ Security 7.​ Participation in wider society 8.​ Distance learning 9.​ Simulation capabilities 10.​Creation of new jobs Negative Impacts: 1.​ Job loss 2.​ Reduced personal interaction 3.​ Reduced personal activity 4.​ Costly hardware 5.​ Competition MODULE 2: History and Evolution of Computing Definition of Computer ​ Originally referred to a person who performed calculations ​ Now defined as a programmable electronic device that manipulates information or data ​ Can store, retrieve, and process data ​ Operates under the control of instructions stored in its memory Information Processing Cycle ​ Collects data (input) ​ Processing ​ Produces information (output) Computer Characteristics 1.​ Responds to specific instructions in a well-defined manner 2.​ Can execute pre-recorded lists of instructions 3.​ Can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data Uses of Computers 1.​ Business 2.​ Education 3.​ Healthcare 4.​ Retail and Trade 5.​ Government 6.​ Marketing  7.​ Science 8.​ Publishing 9.​ Arts and Entertainment 10.​Communication 11.​Banking and Finance 12.​Transport 13.​Navigation 14.​Remote Work 15.​Military 16.​Social Interaction 17.​Travel Booking 18.​Security and Surveillance 19.​Weather Forecasting 20.​Robotics History of Computing Devices Early Computing Devices: 1.​ Tally Sticks 2.​ Abacus (4th Century BC) - Considered the first computer 3.​ Napier's Bones (1614) 4.​ Slide Rule (1622) 5.​ Pascaline (1642) - Created by Blaise Pascal 6.​ Stepped Reckoner (1672) - By Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 7.​ Jacquard Loom (1881) 8.​ Arithmometer (1820) 9.​ Difference Engine (1822) - By Charles Babbage 10.​Analytical Engine (1834) - By Charles Babbage, considered "Father of Computers" 11.​First Computer Programmer - Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace (1840) 12.​Scheutzian Calculation Engine (1843) Modern Computing Evolution: ​ Herman Hollerith's Punch Card Tabulating Machine (1890) ​ Used for U.S. Census, reduced processing time from 10 years to 6 weeks ​ Led to the formation of IBM (International Business Machines) ​ Howard Aiken's Mark I (1943) - Spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height ​ Z1 Computer (1936-1938) - First programmable computer by Konrad Zuse ​ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1939-1942) - First electronic computer using binary system ​ ENIAC (1946) - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ​ UNIVAC I (1951) - First commercial computer ​ EDVAC (1952) - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer by Von Neumann ​ Osborne 1 (1981) - First portable computer Computer Generations 1.​ First Generation (1946-1958) 2.​ Second Generation (1959-1964) 3.​ Third Generation (1965-1970) 4.​ Fourth Generation (1971-today) 5.​ Fifth Generation (today-future) Computer Data Representation ​ Computer is digital and understands only two states: On (1) and Off (0) ​ Bits: Smallest unit of data the computer can process ​ Byte: 8 bits combined (256 possible combinations) ​ Coding Schemes: ○​ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ○​ EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) ○​ Unicode: 16-bit coding scheme with 65,000 combinations MODULE 3: The Web and the Internet The World Wide Web ​ Collection of electronic documents (web pages) worldwide ​ Web Site: Collection of related web pages and associated items ​ Web Server: Computer that delivers requested web pages ​ Home Page: First page a website displays ​ Web Browser: Software that allows users to access web pages (IE, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Chrome) ​ URL: Unique address for web pages ​ Downloading: Process of receiving information ​ Surfing the Web: Following links from one page to another Evolution of the Web ​ Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)​ ○​ Mostly read-only content ○​ Limited user interaction ○​ Examples: Mp3.com, home pages, directories, HTML/portals ○​ Disadvantages: Read-only, limited user interaction, lack of standards ​ Web 2.0 (Read Write Interactive Web)​ ○​ Platform giving users control over their data ○​ User-generated content  ○​ Dynamic pages allowing interaction ○​ Features: Folksonomy, rich user interfaces, user participation, long tail ○​ Examples: Social networking (Facebook, Twitter), blogs (WordPress), wikis (Wikipedia), video sharing (YouTube) ​ Web 3.0 (Read-Write Intelligent Web)​ ○​ More connected, open, and intelligent ○​ Uses semantic web technologies ○​ Machine learning, natural language processing ○​ Makes web content machine-readable Types of Websites 1.​ E-commerce websites 2.​ Business websites 3.​ Portfolio websites 4.​ Media websites 5.​ Brochure websites 6.​ Non-profit websites 7.​ Educational websites 8.​ Infopreneur websites 9.​ Personal websites 10.​Wiki/community websites 11.​Informational websites 12.​Entertainment websites 13.​Advocacy websites 14.​Web portals Content on the Web ​ Multimedia: Combination of text with graphics, animation, audio, video ​ Graphics Formats: BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF ​ Thumbnail: Small version of a larger graphic ​ Animation: Appearance of motion created by displaying images in sequence ​ Audio Formats: AA, AAC, AIFF, MP3, WAV, WMA, RA, QT ​ Streaming: Process of transferring data continuously ​ Video: Images displayed in motion ​ Virtual Reality: Computer simulation of 3D environments ​ Plug-ins: Programs extending browser capabilities (Acrobat, Flash Player, QuickTime) E-Commerce ​ Business transaction occurring over electronic networks ​ Types:  ○​ Business-to-Consumer (B2C) ○​ Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) ○​ Business-to-Business (B2B) ​ M-Commerce: E-commerce via mobile devices Internet Services ​ Email: Transmission of messages via computer networks ​ Mailing Lists: Groups of email addresses given a single name ​ Instant Messaging (IM): Real-time communications service ​ Chat: Real-time typed conversations in chat rooms ​ VoIP: Voice over IP for speaking through internet connections ​ Newsgroups: Online discussion areas about specific subjects ​ Message Boards: Web-based discussion groups ​ FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Standard for uploading and downloading files Internet History and Structure ​ Originated as ARPANET in 1969 ​ Initially connected scientists at different locations ​ Designed to function even if parts were disabled ​ Internet2: High-speed private network connecting universities and companies ​ W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): Sets standards and guidelines Internet Connectivity Methods ​ Cable Internet service ​ DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ​ Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) ​ Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) ​ Mobile broadband (3G, 4G, 5G) ​ Fixed wireless ​ Satellite Internet service Internet Access Providers ​ ISP (Internet Service Provider) ○​ Regional ISPs: Serve specific geographical areas ○​ National ISPs: Provide access nationwide ​ Online Service Provider (OSP): Members-only features ​ Wireless Internet Service Provider: Wireless access to computers and mobile devices Internet Addressing  ​ IP Address: Number uniquely identifying connected devices ​ Domain Name: Text version of an IP address ​ Top-level Domain (TLD): Identifies organization type (.com,.org,.edu) ​ DNS Server: Translates domain names to IP addresses MODULE 4: Netiquette and Computer Ethics Netiquette ​ Network etiquette: Rules for behaving properly online Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics 1.​ Remember the Human: Follow the Golden Rule 2.​ Adhere to the same standards of behavior online as in real life 3.​ Know where you are in cyberspace 4.​ Respect other people's time and bandwidth 5.​ Make yourself look good online 6.​ Share expert knowledge 7.​ Help keep flame wars under control 8.​ Respect other people's privacy 9.​ Don't abuse your power 10.​Be forgiving of other people's mistakes Cybercrime ​ Definition: Crime where computer is the object or tool of the offense ​ Republic Act No. 10175: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Philippines) ​ Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Philippines) Data Privacy Act (RA 10173) ​ Protects individuals from unauthorized processing of personal information​ ​ Data Classifications:​ 1.​ Personal information 2.​ Sensitive personal information 3.​ Privileged information ​ Entities Involved:​ 1.​ Personal Information Controller 2.​ Personal Information Processor 3.​ Data Subject  ​ Functions of National Privacy Commission:​ 1.​ Ensure compliance with provisions 2.​ Receive complaints, investigate 3.​ Issue orders, impose bans when necessary 4.​ Compel entities to abide by orders 5.​ Monitor compliance of government agencies 6.​ Coordinate with other entities 7.​ Publish guides to data protection laws 8.​ Compile agency records systems 9.​ Recommend prosecution when needed 10.​Review privacy codes ​ Rights of Data Subjects:​ 1.​ Right to be informed 2.​ Right to access 3.​ Right to object 4.​ Right to erasure or blocking 5.​ Right to damages 6.​ Right to file complaints 7.​ Right to rectify 8.​ Right to data portability Common Forms of Cybercrime ​ Copyright Violation: Using others' intellectual property without permission ​ Plagiarism: Imitating language/thoughts of others without authorization ​ Computer Addiction: Excessive gaming behavior online or offline Criminal Activities 1.​ Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems ○​ Types: Hackers, Crackers, Script Kiddies 2.​ Corporate Espionage: Breaking into computers to steal proprietary data 3.​ Unethical Employee Activities: ○​ Exploiting security weaknesses ○​ Selling confidential information ○​ Revenge from disgruntled employees 4.​ Cyberextortion: Demanding payment to stop attacks 5.​ Cyberterrorism: Destroying computers for political reasons