Historia 12 Student’s Book PDF

nino kiRuraZe, revaz gaCeCilaZe, giorgi sanikiZe istoria moswavlis wigni 12 grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier (brZaneba N...

nino kiRuraZe, revaz gaCeCilaZe, giorgi sanikiZe istoria moswavlis wigni 12 grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier (brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012). nino kiRuraZe revaz gaCeCilaZe giorgi sanikiZe nino kiRuraZis saerTo redaqciiT istoria 12 istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTormeteklaselTATvis redaqtori: nino ilaSvili dizaini: TinaTin berberaSvili ydis dizaini: naTia kvaracxelia dakabadoneba: TinaTin berberaSvili pirveli gamocema, 2012 © bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2019 Cveni mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda zogi fotosa da rukis saavtoro uflebis mflobelis vinaobis dadgena an masTan dakavSireba. gamoxmaurebis SemTxvevaSi gamomcemloba mzad aris, daicvas saavtoro uflebebi. bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba misamarTi: daviT aRmaSeneblis 150, Tbilisi 0112 tel.: 2 91 09 54, 2 91 11 65 elfosta: [email protected] www.sulakauri.ge ISBN 978-9941-15-627-4 N. Kighuradze R. Gachechiladze G. Sanikidze HISTORY 12 Student’s Book © Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2019 Tbilisi, Georgia sarCevi msoflio XIX saukuneSi 1. 2. safrangeTi respublikidan imperiamde (1800-1804) napoleonis omebi da venis kongresi 6 10 I 6 3. industrializacia da socialuri sakiTxi. cvlilebebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi 18 4. revoluciebis xana evropaSi. monarqiis restav- racia da 1830 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi 26 5. 1848-49 wlebis revoluciebi evropaSi 31 40 6. saqarTvelos samefoebis dapyroba ruseTis mier. ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg 36 7. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba 44 8. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ XIX saukuneSi 49 51 9. ruseT-sparseTis, ruseT-osmaleTis omebi da saqarTvelo 52 10. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis xasiaTi XIX saukunis msoflioSi. Tergdaleu- 57 59 lebis brZola mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg 11. italiis gaerTianeba 62 12. germaniis gaerTianeba 66 13. safrangeTis mesame respublika 72 14. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si 75 67 15. aleqsandre meoris reformebi ruseTis imperiaSi 80 16. axali politikuri ideebi da ideologiuri brZola saqarTveloSi 85 17. imperializmi da koloniuri politika 90 80 msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 18. 19. pirveli msoflio omis wanamZRvrebi saomari moqmedebebi pirveli msoflio omis 96 II 97 periodSi 100 20. revoluciebi ruseTSi. brestis zavi da saqarTvelos sakiTxi 106 21. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 113 22. didi saxelmwifoebis politika kavkasiaSi. 117 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis brZola saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis 120 23. brestis zavidan moskovisa da yarsis xelSekrulebebamde 125 24. saqarTvelos aneqsiAa bolSevikuri ruseTis mier 130 126 3  25. pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. parizis konferencia (saqarTvelos sakiTxi). omis Sedegebi. msoflios axali politikuri ruka 135 26. sabWoTa totalitarizmi – stalinizmi 143 27. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi daZlevis 143 amerikuli gza 149 28. hitleris mmarTveloba germaniaSi 153 29. italiuri faSizmi 158 30. frankos reJimi 165 31. iaponia meore msoflio omis win 170 153 32. saerTaSoriso viTareba II msoflio omis win 173 33. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi – sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi, qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi 177 34. meore msoflio omis msvleloba da Sedegebi. 158 niurnbergis procesi 184 35. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis safuZvlebi 192 166 msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi III 36. `civi omis~ dasawyisi. msoflios or banakad dayofa. nato da varSavis paqti 194 204 37. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX s-is 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 60-ian wlebSi. karibis krizisi. omi vietnamSi 202 38. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 70-ian wlebSi 208 215 39. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 80-ian wlebSi. `Zalismieri politikidan~ ganiaraRebisken 214 40. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia – gaero 220 41. evropis integracia 224 42. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSla. 221 dekolonizacia 230 43. mesame samyaro 236 234 236 4  saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirSi. sabWoTa sistemis daSla. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 246 44. 45. saqarTvelo XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi politikuri represiebis xana saqarTveloSi 240 246 IV 46. saqarTvelos politikuri da socialur- ekonomikuri ganviTareba sabWoTa periodSi 249 47. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 255 257 48. erovnuli kultura da erovnuli moZraoba XX s-is 50-ian-80-ian wlebSi 260 49. perestroika. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla 264 50. socialisturi banakis daSla 270 262 51. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da samoqalaqo omi 275 52. saSinao viTareba da sagareo urTierTobebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi. `vardebis revolucia~ 280 265 saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi 275 53. 54. azerbaijani da somxeTi Tanamedrove TurqeTis Seqmna 284 292 V 55. iranis islamuri respublika 299 280 sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi 292 56. dasavluri sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi 304 VI 57. sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi dasavleTis qveynebSi XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi 310 303 312 5  I msoflio XIX saukuneSi 1. safrangeTi respublikidan imperiamde (1800-1804) 18 briumeris gadatrialebis (1799 wlis 9 noemberi) Semdeg miRebulma axalma konstituciam pirveli konsuli, napoleon bonaparti, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi Zalaufle- napoleon biT aRWurva. xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvli- bonaparti sas, yofilma iakobinelma, revolucionerma da respublikelma pirvelma konsulma ganacxada: `moqalaqeno, revolucia dasrulda!~. sakanon- mdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia mTavrobis ka- nonproeqtebis damtkicebiT Semoifargla. TviT warmomadgenlobiTi organos Semadgenlobasac praqtikulad napoleoni adgenda (axali saarCevno wesis Tanaxmad, xalxis mier arCeul amomrCevlebs mxolod deputatobis kandidatebis wardgenis ufleba hqondaT. wardgenili kandidatebidan Tavi pirveli deputatebs senati irCevda. senati, Tavis mxriv, samudamod daniSnuli pirebisagan Sedgeboda). mosamarTleebs, moxeleebsa da oficrebs aseve piradad pirveli konsuli niSnavda. magram napo- leonisTvis, rogorc yofili iakobinelis- Tvis, mainc mniSvnelovani iyo xalxis uSua- lo mxardaWera. amitom SenarCunda plebis- citis instituti. swored am saxalxo referendumma 1802 wels TiTqmis erTxmad dauWira mxari napoleonis `samudamo pirvel konsulad~ daniSvnas, ori wlis Semdeg ki – `frangebis imperatorad~ kurTxevas. napoleonisadmi xalxis mxardaWera ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc misi `didi armiis~ warmatebebiT, rac frangebSi maTi `did erad~ Camoyalibebis gancdas aRZravda, ise misi mmarTvelobis periodSi miRweuli SedarebiTi Sinapoli- tikuri stabilizaciiT. napoleonis mmarTvelobis dros gatarebulma fulis reformam da `safran- geTis bankis~ daarsebam gaamyara finansuri mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi puris fasi dabali iyo. amitom xalxi egueboda maTi uflebebis SezRudvasa Tu presis mkacr cenzuras. 1801 wels vatikanTan gaformebuli konkordatiT (SeTanxmebiT) moxda ka- Tolikur eklesiasTan Serigeba. kaTolicizmi `frangebis umravlesobis re- ligiad~ gamocxadda. emigrant Tavadaznaurebs samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTes konstituciaze ficis dadebis pirobiT. maT SeeZloT gamoesyidaT CamorTmeuli samflobeloebi. napoleonis mTavari dasayrdeni mis mier Seqmnili axali elita iyo, romelic ZiriTadad samxedro da maRali samoxeleo wreebidan gamosuli dawinaurebuli 6  wyaro 1 napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1804) a napoleonis kodeqsi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: samo­ qalaqo kodeqsi Sesulia pirvel wignSi `pirebis Sesa­ xeb~. meore da mesame wignebSi `sagnebis Sesaxeb~, anu sakuTrebis Sesaxeb gansazRvrulia sakuTrebis ufleba. wigni I. muxli 213: `coli valdebulia daemorCilos Tavis qmars.~ napoleonis samoqalaqo muxli 215: `cols ar aqvs ufleba wardges sasamarTlos kodeqsi winaSe Tavisi qmris nebarTvis gareSe.~ muxli 258: `moRalate coli patimrobiT isjeba [qmari ki ara].~ msoflio XIX saukuneSi wigni II da III. muxli 544: `sakuTrebis ufleba gulisxmobs raime sagnis SeuzRudav flobasa da am sagniT sargeblobas im pirobiT, rom es sagani ar iqneba gamoyenebuli kanonebiTa da brZanebulebebiT akrZaluli mizniT. muxli 545: `dauSvebelia aiZulo vinme, daTmos sakuTreba, Tu ara sazogadoebrivi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da isic mxolod winaswar saTanado kompensaciis gaRe­ bis Semdeg.~ b wminda elenes kunZulze gadasaxlebuli bonapartis gancxadeba `CemTvis WeSmaritad saxelisa da didebis momtani 40 mogebuli brZola ki ara... Cemi samoqalaqo kodeqsia.~ wyaro 2 dekretebi presis Sesaxeb (1800-03): a `akrZalvas eqvemdebareba yvela gazeTi da Jurnali, romlebic mimarTulia sax­ alxo suverenitetis, armiis didebisa da sazogadoebrivi simSvidis winaaRmdeg an romlebic Tavs esxmian Cvens megobar da mokavSire mTavrobebsa da xalxebs.~ b `presis Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT, wigniT movaWreebs ekrZalebaT nebismieri wigniT vaWroba, specialuri komisiis mier misi winaswari Semowmebis gareSe. Tuki wignSi ar aRmoCndeba raime iseTi, rac cenzuras eqvemdebareba, wigni daubrundeba movaWres.~ 7  pirebisagan Sedgeboda. 1805 wels `neapolis samefo dinastiis mmarTvelobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~ ediqtis gamocemiT, romliTac napoleonis Zma Jozefi `ori- ve siciliis mefed~ gamocxadda (sinamdvileSi Jozefis Zalaufleba mxolod ne- apolze vrceldeboda, radgan sicilias, sadac neapolis mmarTveli burbonebi gaiqcnen, inglisis floti icavda), imperatorma daiwyo misi uaxloesi naTes- avebisa da garemocvis, e.w. `napoleonidebis~ gamefeba dapyrobil regionebSi. magram, amave dros, 1804 wels SemoRebuli `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~ ganamtkicebda revoluciis monapovars, kerZod, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobasa da kerZo saku- Trebis xelSeuxeblobas. Tavi pirveli 1815 w. germanuli graviura – napoleonis aRzeveba da dacema. warwerebi safexurebze (saaTis isris mimarTulebiT): korsikeli biWi; brienis skolis mowafe; leitenanti tulonSi; moqalaqe da generali arkolSi; respublikis pirveli konsuli; safrangeTis imperatori; espaneTTan gamomSvidobeba; ruseTidan Sin dabruneba; gaqceva germaniidan. wyaro 3 napoleoni religiis Sesaxeb: `ar arsebobs sazogadoeba qonebrivi uTanasworobis gareSe. amdenad, sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs religiis gareSe, radgan SeuZlebelia daarwmuno adamiani, romelic SimSiliT kvdeba, maSin, roca sxva mis gverdiT fufunebaSi cxovrobs, Seeguos am usamarTlobas, Tu ar iarsebebs avtoriteti, romelic etyvis mas: `RmerTma ineba ase, rom amqveynad mdidrebi da Raribebi arsebobdnen, samagierod, imqveynad geliT cxoneba... me religiaSi RvTiuri gansaxierebis saidumlos ki ara, sazogadoebrivi wyobis saidumlos vxedav~. 8 wyaro 4 napoleoni respublikisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: `iqneb fiqrobT, rom me respublikis dafuZneba minda…... es frangebis akviatebuli azria, magram es avadmyofobac gaivlis... rac maT [frangebs] sWirdebaT, dideba da pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebaa, magram Tavisuflebis araferi gaegebaT... erebs winamZRoli sWirdebaT, didebiT mosili winamZRoli da ara Teoriebi mmar­ Tvelobis Sesaxeb, ara maRalfardovani sityvebi, ara ideologebis saubrebi, rasac frangebi ver igeben. maT saTamaSo cxenebi unda misce, amasac ikmareben, gaerTobian da gahyvebian winamZRols, Tuki is moxerxebulad SeuniRbavs mizans, romliskenac surs gaiyolos.~ msoflio XIX saukuneSi klasSi samuSao 1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. imsjeleT qalis revoluciuri kanonmdeblobiTa da samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvrul uflebriv mdgomareobaze. 2. wyaro 1-is (a, b) ganxilvis Semdeg SeafaseT napoleonis kodeqsis demokra- tiulobis xarisxi. kodeqsis romeli muxlebi ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis winaSe yvela adamianis Tanasworuflebianobis princips? 3. teqstidan da wyaroebidan (1, 2, 3) gamoyaviT is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, saSualebas gaZlevT isaubroT napoleonis dros Sinapoli- tikur stabilizaciaze. daasabuTeT Tqveni arCevani. 4. wyaroebze (1, 2, 3, 4) dayrdnobiT SeecadeT gansazRvroT napoleonis mmar- Tvelobis tipi. wyaro 4-is Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Tqveni azriT, ratom ar Tqva napoleonma uari konstituciaze? SedarebisTvis ix. agreTve, wyaro 1b, wyaro 2b da Sesabamisi adgilebi teqstSi. wyaroebis ganxilvisas yuradReba gaamaxvileT winaaRmdegobriv debulebebze. 9  2. napoleonis omebi da venis kongresi napoleonis omebi napoleonis `did armias~ araerT mtrul koaliciasTan mouxda brZola (sul Svidi aseTi koalicia Seikra). gancdili marcxis Semdeg calkeuli wevrebi eTi- Sebodnen koalicias, zogierTi droebiT safrangeTis mokavSirec ki xdeboda, Semdeg ki iqmneboda axali koalicia. 1800 wels marengosTan avstriisa da 1805 wels austerlicTan avstria-ru- seTis gaerTianebuli jaris damarcxebiT avstria safrangeTze damokidebuli gaxda. 1806 wels ienasTan da aurStedtTan prusiaze, 1807 wels fridlandTan mis mokavSire ruseTze `didi armiis~ mier mopovebuli gamarjvebebis Sedegad, antifrangul koalicias kidev ori wevri gamoeTiSa. 1807 wlis 24 ivniss til- zitSi dadebuli zaviT prusiam dakarga teritoriebi, mas daekisra kontribu- cia da franguli armiis cocxali ZaliT momaragebis valdebuleba, ruseTi ki safrangeTis mokavSired iqca. evropis kontinentur nawilSi yvela ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege damorCilebu- li iyo. magram napoleonisTvis problemad rCeboda inglisi. Tavdapirvelad, Tavi pirveli bonaparti kunZulze jarebis gadasxmas apirebda, magram am gegmaze sabolood uari Tqva mas Semdeg, rac1805 wels trafalgaris sazRvao brZolaSi inglisis flotma admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT safrangeTisa da im dros misi mokav- Sire espaneTis gaerTianebuli floti gaanadgura. inglisze gamarjvebis mopovebis axali gegma mis `kontinentur blokadaSi~ moqcevas iTvaliswinebda. evropis yvela damorCilebul Tu samokavSireo pi- brZola vagramTan, 1809 10  trafalgaris brZola, 1805 robiT Sekrul saxelmwifos aekrZala inglisTan savaWro urTierToba. konti- nenturi blokadis ideam napoleons portugaliasa da espaneTSi jarebis Seyvana msoflio XIX saukuneSi gadaawyvetina, maTi portebis inglisuri saqonlisaTvis Caketvis mizniT. 1807 wels frangulma jarma portugalia, 1808 wels ki espaneTi daikava. imave mizniT 1810 wels aneqsirebul iqna holandia da Crdilo-dasavleTi germania (hanzas qalaqebis – bremenis, hamburgisa da liubekis CaTvliT). napoleonis jars espaneTSi didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. qveyanaSi daiwyo gan- maTavisuflebeli moZraoba. espaneTSi Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla avstriam da 1808 wels scada safrangeTis gavlenisgan Tavis daRweva. 1809 wels napo- leonma vagramTan kidev erTxel daamarcxa avstrielebi. avstriaze mopovebu- li samxedro gamarjveba man e.w. `avstriuli qorwinebiT~ ganamtkica: avstriis sabolood dasamorCileblad napoleonma imperatoris qaliSvilze iqorwina. kontinenturi blokadis SenarCunebis pirobebis dacva ekonomikuri Tval- sazrisiT bevri qveynisTvis autaneli xdeboda. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgoma- reobaSi aRmoCnda ruseTi, romlis eqsportis (puris, selis, tilos da sxv.) 80-90% swored inglisSi gadioda, iqidan ki samrewvelo saqoneli Semodioda. amitom ruseTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (1801-1825) uari Tqva tilzitSi micemul samokavSireo pirobis Sesrulebaze. napoleonma gadawyvita eiZulebina ruseTis imperatori, dabruneboda kon- tinenturi blokadis reJims. 1812 wels 600 aTasiani `didi armia~, romelic sanaxevrod ucxoeli jariskacebisagan Sedgeboda (damorCilebuli qveynebi wyaro 1 napoleonis werilidan policiis ministr fuSes (1811): `me mWirdeba 800 aTasi kaci da myavs kidec amdeni. mTel evropas gaviyoleb... jer Cemi mowodeba ar aRmisrulebia. Cven saerTo evropuli kanoni gvWirdeba, evropuli sasamarTlo, erTiani moneta, erTiani zoma­wonis erTeulebi... evropis xalxebisgan erT ers Sevqmni da parizs msoflio dedaqalaqad vaqcev~. 11  `didi armiis~ ukan daxeva ruseTidan, 1812 valdebuli iyvnen didi armia cocxali ZaliT moemaragebinaT), ruseTisaken daiZra. seqtembris dasawyisSi sof. borodinosTAan gamarTuli brZolis Sem- deg napoleoni mosaxleobisgan mitovebul moskovSi Sevida. Tumca uCveulod civi zamTrisa da farTod gaSlili partizanuli brZolis pirobebSi mas male Tavi pirveli mouxda ruseTis datoveba. napoleonis ruseTis kampania marcxiT dasrulda. imperatorma miatova Tavisi armia md. berezinasTan da parizs miaSura. ruseTma da prusiam kidev erTi aliansi Sekres da 1813 wlis oqtomberSi gadamwyveti dartyma miayenes napoleons laifcigTan gamarTul `xalxTa br- ZolaSi~, romelSic erTmaneTs daupirispirda erTi mxriv, 450 aTasi frangi da safrangeTis mokavSire germanuli saxelmwifoebis e.w. `rainis kavSiris~ jariskaci (`rainis kavSiris~ jari Semdeg mowinaaRmdegis mxareze gadavida) da meore mxriv, 500 aTasiani ruseTis, prusiis, inglisis, SvedeTisa da avstriis gaerTianebuli jari. `xalxTa brZolaSi~ napoleoni damarcxda. mokavSireTa jarebi 1814 wlis martSi parizSi Sevidnen. napoleoni aiZules gadamdgari- yo da gadaasaxles kunZul elbaze. safrangeTSi burbonebis mmarTveloba aRadgines. taxtze lui XVI-is umcrosi Zma lui XVIII avida. magram pirve- li restavracia xanmokle aRmoCnda. napoleoni gamoiqca elbadan, SeZlo xelisuflebis dabru- neba da misi asi dRiT SenarCuneba. 1815 wlis ivnisSi vaterloosTan napoleoni damarcxda Tavis ukanasknel brZolaSi inglisisa da prusiis gaerTianebuli jarebis winaaRmdeg. 22 ivniss napoleonma uari Tqva taxtze da inglise- lebs Cabarda. amjerad is Soreul wminda elenes kunZulze gadaasaxles. lui XVIII parizs, safran- karikatura asaxavs napoleonis geTi ki mmarTvelobis konstituciuri monarqiis marcxs `xalxTa brZolaSi~, (1813) formas daubrunda. warwera kakalze: `laifcigi~ 12  wyaro 2 k. wminda wminda elenes kunZulze elene gadasaxlebuli napoleonis Canawerebidan: `vinc me omis gansakuTrebul siyvarulSi damdebs brals, mas momavali istoriuli mwerloba ganumartavs, rom me mudmivad Tavdasxmis msxverpli viyavi.~ napoleonis gza wminda elenes kunZulisaken. (1815) msoflio XIX saukuneSi venis kongresi jer kidev napoleonis pirveli ga- leqsikoni dadgomis Semdeg, parizis 1814 wlis 30 r restavracia – aRdgena maisis xelSekrulebiT, gadawyda kon- gresis mowveva venaSi napoleonis mier r nominaluri – aq: rasac an Seqmnili imperiis teritoriebis gadasa- visac mxolod saxeli hqvia nawileblad. kongresi noemberSi daiwyo, da ver asrulebs Tavis daniS- grZeldeboda `asi dRis~ ganmavlobaSic nulebas. da dasrulda napoleonis meore gadadgo- r eqspansionizmi – axali te- mamde cxra dRiT adre, 1815 wlis 9 ivniss. ritoriebis dapyrobisaken venis kongresze Seikribnen safran- miswrafeba geTTan omebSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwi- r poloneTis dayofa – po- foebis warmomadgenlebi – xelmwifeebi, loneTi oTxjer daiyo: 1772, samefo ojaxebis wevrebi, diplomatebi. 1793, 1795 da 1815 wlebSi. kongress Tavmjdomareobda avstriis kan- r pentarqia (laT.) – xuTis cleri grafi fon meternixi. mmarTveloba venis kongresi gaxda diplomatiuri `brZolis veli~, sadac erTmaneTs dau- r koncerti – aq: urTierT- pirispirda napoleonTan omebSi yofili Tanxmoba mokavSireebis interesebi. gamoikveTa da- pirispirebul saxelmwifoTa ori jgufi: erTis mxriv, ruseTi da didi bri- taneTi da, meore mxriv, avstria da prusia. amgvar viTarebaSi damarcxebuli safrangeTi (mas warmoadgenda lui XVIII-is ministri taleirani. is gamocdili diplomati iyo; Tavis droze emsaxureboda napoleons da imperiaSi yvelaze maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava) cdilobda gamoeyenebina gamarjvebulTa winaaR- mdegobebi da SeZlebisdagvarad Seemcirebina danakargebi. ruseTi da prusia cdilobdnen teritoriul gafarToebas aRmosavleT evro- pis nawilis (maT Soris poloneTis) SemoerTebiT. ruseTis mizani iyo agreTve 13  osmaleTis imperiis daSla, raTa bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebiT mieRo gasasvleli xmelTaSua zRvaze. es ki aq uZlieresi flotis saSualebiT gabato- nebuli britaneTis interesebs Selaxavda. did britaneTs surda SeenarCunebina sazRvao pirveloba da misi mizani iyo arsebuli mdgomareobis (status kvos) SenarCuneba evropaSi, rac rusebis pretenziebis Sekavebis saSualebad esaxe- boda. didi britaneTi aseve mxars uWerda prusiis gaZlierebas germaniaSi, rac Sesabamisad winaRoba gaxdeboda ruseTis zegavlenis gazrdisaTvis evropaSi. rusebi da britanelebi aseve konkurentebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi da cen- tralur aziaSi ruseTis – kaspiis zRvisaken, xolo britaneTis – avRaneTisaken winsvlis pirobebSi. prusia da avstria erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen germanul miwebze pirvelobisT- vis. avstrias awyobda danawevrebuli germaniis arseboba, romlis gaerTianebis mosurnec iyo prusia sakuTari winamZRolobiT. avstria aseve upirispirdeboda ruseTis interesebs balkaneTze (ruseTma Tavi osmaleTis imperiis slavuri warmoSobis umciresobebis damcvelad gamoacxada) – aq is xedavda ruseTis ga- farToebis safrTxes misi teritoriebis xarjze, romlebic osmaleTis imperias emijneboda. avstriis am pozicias mxars uWerda didi britaneTi, radgan balka- neTze poziciebis gamyarebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, ruseTi xmelTaSua zRvis regions daemuqreboda. taleiranma rTuli politikuri TamaSi wamoiwyo. 1815 wlis 3 ianvars man Tavi pirveli avstriisa da didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebTan saidumlo xelSekrulebas evropa venis kongresis Semdeg prusia 1=parma fineTi avstriis imperia 2=modena SvedeTi da norvegia safrangeTi 3=luka sankt­peterburgi piemonti­sardinia 4=toskana ruseTi 5=sanmarino germ. saxelmwifoebi dania moskovi germanuli konfede­ raciis sazRvrebi amsterdami didi ruseTi hamburgi britaneTi prusia londoni niderlandi varSava germanuli poloneTis konfederacia samefo parizi safrangeTi vena Sveicaria avstriis imperia savoia lombardia 1 2 5 nica 3 4 portugalia lisaboni korsika romi papis madridi olqi os konstantinopoli piemonti ma neapoli l sardinia eT is espaneTi ori im pe siciliis ri a samefo 14 0 200 400 km moawera xeli, romelic prusiisa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. sabo- lood, didi teritoriuli danakargis miuxedavad, damarcxebulma safrangeTma miaRwia sakuTari sazRvrebis dakanonebas 1792 wlisaTvis arsebul farglebSi. venis kongresze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis Sedegad, Seiqmna germanuli kon- federacia (iarseba 1866 wlamde), romelic dayofili iyo 39 `saxelmwifod~ (1792 wlisaTvis 350 `saxelmwifo~ arsebobda). prusiis samefos teritoriuli SenaZeni didi ar iyo. amjerad masSi Sedioda aRmosavleT prusia, saqsoniis Cr- dilo nawili, rainlandisa da vestfaliis didi nawili. konfederacia prusiisa da avstriis imperiis nawilebsac moicavda (Tumca, es teritorebi rCeboda am saxelmwifoebis SemadgenlobaSi). konfederacia ukiduresad susti da realur saxelmwifoebriv safuZvlebs moklebuli iyo. germanul saxelmwifoTa amgvari susti gaerTianeba sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis, upirvelesad didi brita- neTis, interesebSi Sedioda. avstriam TiTqmis mTlianad daibruna napoleonTan omebis dros dakarguli teritoriebi. belgiis dakargvis sanacvlod ki miiRo germanuli miwebisa da italiis nawili (lombardia da venecia). msoflio XIX saukuneSi SvedeTma (axali Sveduri dinastia daafuZna napoleonis marSalma bernadot- ma) SeierTa norvegia, adre daniis samflobelo, im pirobiT, rom norvegias mieniWeboda farTo avtonomia. poloneTi kidev erTxel, amjerad meoTxed gaiyo da yvelaze metad moge- buli am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi darCa. centralurma poloneTma, romlis deda- qalaqic varSava iyo, ruseTTan erTad Seqmna samefo, romelsac saTaveSi edga vice-mefe – ruseTis imperatoris Zma konstantine. amasTan erTad, poloneTi TviTmmarTvelobis farTo uflebebiT sargeblobda. did britaneTs araferi mouTxovia evropaSi arc TavisTvis da arc Tavisi wyaro 3 avstriis kancler meternixisa da germaniis misiis meTauris, karl fon harden- bergis mier termin `mokavSire saxelmwifoebis~ gamoyenebis sapasuxod talei- ranis 1814 wlis 30 seqtembris gancxadeba: `mokavSireebi... da vis winaaRmdeg? es aRar aris napoleonis winaaRmdeg... is kunZul elbazea. es aRar aris safrangeTis winaaRmdeg. mSvidoba ukve damyarebulia. es nam­ dvilad ar aris safrangeTis mefis winaaRmdeg. is am mSvidobis simtkicis garantia. batonebo, visaubroT gulwrfelad. Tuki aq arian mokavSire saxelmwifoebi, maSin Cemi adgili aq ar aris... amasTan, aq rom ar viyo, didad dagakldebodiT. batonebo, me albaT erTaderTi var, vinc arafers iTxovs. safrangeTi sakmarisad mdidaria Tavisi resursebiTa da teritoriiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da gonierebiT, provincie­ bis myari kavSiriTa da erTiani mmarTvelobiT... Tuki zogierTi privilegirebuli saxelmwifo moindomebs kongresze sakuTari, erTpirovnuli diqtatis gatarebas, maSin unda vTqva... me ver mivcem amgvar mokavSireobas raime uzenaes uflebamosile­ bas im sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, rac mTlianad kongresis kompetencias warmoadgens da ver gaviziareb misgan wamosul SemoTavazebas~. taleiranis memuarebi 15  mokavSireebis – espaneTisa da portugaliisaTvis (am qveynebSi mefeebma dai- brunes xelisufleba), magram man SeZlo niderlandis samefos Seqmna (masSi Sevida Tanamedrove belgiaca da luqsemburgic), rac safrangeTis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. amasTan erTad, inglisma miiRo axali koloniebi da ganimt- kica zRvebze batonoba. sabolood, venis kongresis `gamarjvebulebad~ SeiZleba didi britaneTi da avstria CaiTvalos. maT moaxerxes xuT did saxelmwifos Soris (didi britane- Ti, safrangeTi, avstria, ruseTi, prusia) evropaSi napoleonis hegemoniamde arsebuli `ZalTa wonasworobis~ aRdgena. venis kongress gansakuTrebiT mniSvneloba hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq Seiqmna e.w. evropis koncertis sistema (am saerTaSoriso sistemas kongresis sistemis saxeliTac moixsenieben), rac imas niSnavs, rom evropis didi saxel- mwifoebis politika pirvelad warimarTa urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. imdroindeli msoflios xuTi wamyvani saxelmwifo (pentarqia) pirvelad iwyebs SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. `koncertSi~ moqmedeba, upirveles yovlisa, gamovlin- da napoleonis Semdgom evropaSi Zveli, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebebSi `le- gitimurad~ wodebuli, monarqiebis restavraciaSi. amasTanave, SeTanxmebulad moqmedi evropeli monarqebi ugulvebelyofdnen sakuTari da sxva evropeli xalxebis miswrafebebs. es Seexeboda rogorc damoukideblobis mopovebis survils (belgia, poloneTi, balkaneTis qristianebi), ise saxelmwifoebrivi Tavi pirveli gaerTianebis survils (italia, nawilobriv germania). amdenad, venis kongres- ma 1848 wlis liberaluri revoluciebisTvis (romelic `xalxTa gazafxulis~ saxeliTacaa cnobili) moamzada niadagi. evropis koncertiT Seiqmna saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali realoba, romlis Tanaxmadac sazRvrebis Secvla ar SeiZleboda kongresis saboloo aqtis xel- momweri saxelmwifoebis Tanxmobis gareSe. wyaro 4 `mas Semdeg, rac habsburgebma warumatebloba ganicades centralur evropaSi hege­ moniis damyarebis mcdelobisas ocdaaTwliani omis dros, avstriam Tavi daaneba mTeli germaniis damorCilebaze fiqrs. 1806 wels mxolod nominalurad arsebuli saRvTo romis imperia gauqmda. magram avstria kvlavac miiCnevda sakuTar Tavs pirvelad TanasworTa Soris da mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili arc erTi germanuli saxelmwifosaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, prusiisaTvis, ar mieca avstriisaTvis isto­ riuli rolis warTmevis saSualeba. urTierTobebi am or yvelaze did germanul saxelmwifos Soris da maTi urTierTo­ bebi sxvebTan umniSvnelovanesi iyo evropuli stabilurobisaTvis. marTlac, ger­ maniis Sina mowyoba evropas ayenebda dilemis winaSe: is Tu susti da danawevrebuli iqneboda, maSin ubiZgebda Tavis mezoblebs, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTs, eqspansion­ izmisaken. imavdroulad ki misi gaerTianebis perspeqtiva aSinebda mis mezoblebs. henri kisinjeri, diplomatia 16  klasSi samuSao 1. wyaroebis (1, 2) ganxilvisa da Sedarebis gziT daadgineT napoleonis dapyro- bebis miznebi. ra winaaRmdegobas xedavT am wyaroebis Sejerebisas? SeEadareT aseve paragrafis teqsts. 2. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is mixedviT SeafaseT taleiranis moqmedeba. ratom amax- vilebs is gansakuTrebul yuradReEbas germaniisa da avstriis `mokavSireoba- ze~? ra argumentebi mohyavs safrangeTis interesebis dasacavad? ramdenad warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos taleiranis moqmedebis Sedegebi venis kongresze safrangeTisTvis? 3. teqstisa da wyaro 4-is mixedviT imsjeleT germaniisa da avstriis dapirispi- rebis mizezebze. ra uSlida xels germanuli miwebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaer- msoflio XIX saukuneSi Tianebas? romeli saxelmwifo SeiZleboda yofiliyo germaniis gaerTianebis sulisCamdgmeli? ZiriTadi TariRebi 1807 – fridlandis brZola 1813-1814 – gamaTavisufle­ beli omi napoleonis austerlicis – 1805 winaaRmdeg brZola 1807 – portugaliis dapyro­ ba safrangeTis mier 1813-1814 – napoleonis ga­ trafalgaris – 1805 dasaxleba brZola 1808 – espaneTis 1800 – marengos dapyroba safran­ 1814-1815 – venis brZola geTis mier kongresi 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820 1815 – vaterloos napoleonis – 1804 vagramis – 1809 brZola `frangebis impe­ brZola ratorad~ TviT­ 1813 – laifcigis kurTxeva. brZola holandiisa – 1810 da Crdilo­da­ savleT germaniis 1812 – `didi armiis~ samoqalaqo – 1804 aneqsia safrangeTis marcxi ruseTSi kodeqsi mier 17  3. industrializacia da socialuri sakiTxi. cvlilebebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi industriulma revoluciam (indus- leqsikoni trializaciis dawyebis simbolur Ta- riRad 1760 welia miCneuli) inglisi sx- r pauperizacia – laT. pauper – vebisaTvis misabaZ `msoflio saamqrod~ Raribi, gaRaribeba aqcia. XIX saukunis II naxevridan industri- alizaciis procesi kontinentur evro- paSic iwyeba da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli intensivobiT viTardeba. gansakuTrebiT germania dawinaurda, sadac industrializacias gza prusiam gaukvala. erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis droisaTvis (1871) germania ukve ganviTarebuli industriuli qveyana iyo, XIX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleu- lebSi ki msoflio bazarze inglisis mTavar konkurentad iqca. socialuri sakiTxi Tavi pirveli industrializaciis Tanmxlebi procesi iyo urbanizacia anu qalaqebis zrda. soflis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis – glexobis pauperizaciis Sedegad, ga- Ratakebuli masa saarsebo saSualebis ZiebaSi industriul centrebs, qalaqebs moawyda (XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi inglisSi glexoba, rogorc socialuri fena, saerTod qreba; ufro sworad, rogorc Tanamedroveebi ambobdnen, `meo- Txe wodebad~ – industriul muSaTa klasad gardaiqmneba). qalaqebis gareub- nebSi Cndeba muSaTa dasaxlebebi ubadruki, pirquSi sacxovrebeli SenobebiT (`SenTi Taunebi~ inglisSi, `bidonvilebi~ safrangeTSi da a.S.). industrializaciis sawyis stadiaze ukiduresad mZime iyo muSebis rogorc sacxovrebeli, ise Sromis pirobebi. samuSao dro ar iyo reglamentirebuli. dRiuri samuSao vada 14 saaTs aRwevda. ar arsebobda socialuri dacvis raime meqanizmi (pensiebi xandazmulTaTvis, Svebulebis anazRaureba, konpensaciebi avadmyofobis, sawarmoo tramvebisa Tu sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi da sxv.). am viTarebaSi muSebisaTvis erTaderTi gamosavali urTierTdaxmareba iyo. isini erTiandebodnen profesiul kavSirebSi, qmnidnen urTierTdaxmarebis salaroebs. Tuki warmoebis meqanizaciis adreul etapze, rodesac manqanebma muSaxeli sawarmodan gamodevna, usaxsrod darCenili muSebis protestis gamoxatvis Zi- riTadi forma manqanebis msxvreva iyo, SemdgomSi muSaTa klasis socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZolis warmmarTvel Zalad profkavSirebi, am brZolis mTavar iaraRad ki gaficva iqca. mas Semdeg, rac 1886 wels CikagoSi muSebma sayovelTao gaficviT 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis dawesebas miaRwies, indus- trializaciis procesSi myof sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gaficulTa erT-erT mTavar moTxovnad samuSao drois Semcireba iqca. 18  Tavdapirvelad xelisufleba muSaTa saprotesto gamosvlebs represiebiT, Semdeg ki, socialuri daZabulobis gan- samuxtavad, socialuri kanonmdeblobiT pasuxobda. am mxrivac pirveloba ingliss ekuTvnis. aq XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wleb- Si miiRes pirveli SromiTi sakanonmdeb- lo aqtebi (`safabriko aqtebi~). aikrZa- la fabrikebSi 9 wlamde bavSvebis Sromis gamoyeneba; qalebisa da 13 wlamde asakis bavSvebis Sromis gamoyeneba maRaroebSi; dawesda 9-saaTiani, mogvianebiT 6-saaTiani samuSao dRe 9-dan 13 wlamde asakis bavSve- bambis nedleulis sawyobi axali orleanis portSi bisa da 12-saaTiani - qalebisaTvis; gatar- da Sromis usafrTxoebis dacvis pirveli RonisZiebebi. msoflio XIX saukuneSi socialuri sakiTxis gadawyvetis gzebi. socializmi. marqsizmi pauperizaciiTa da industrializaciiT gamowveuli socialuri sakiTxis mogvarebis gzebi mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoikveTa. Tavdapirveli upovarTa daxmarebis saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebi aRar iyo sakmarisi. saWiro iyo mewarmeebs, muSebsa da saxelmwifos Soris industriali- zaciis procesSi Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis safuZvliani regulireba. parizi – orleanis sarkinigzo monakveTis gaxsna. 1843 19  problemis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva iniciativa momdinareobda eklesiis, mewarmeTa, mecnierTa, xelosanTa da muSaTa mxridan, romlebic miznis misaRwe- vad sazogadoebriv da politikur moZraobebs aYyalibebdnen. muSebis profe- siul gaerTianebebTan erTad, iqmneboda muSaTa pirveli politikuri par- tiebi. XIX saukunis II naxevridan muSaTa moZraobze evropaSi gavlena moaxdina karl marqsisa (1818-83) da fridrix engelsis (1820-95) mier Seqmnilma axalma politikurma ideologiam. evropis mTel rig qveynebSi (upirveles yovlisa, germaniasa da safrangeTSi) muSaTa politikuri gaerTianebebi socialistur partiebad gardaiqmna. Tumca, verc zogadad politikur praqtikaSi da verc konkretulad, muSaTa socialisturi mimarTulebis partiebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianebis e.w. I internacionalis (1864-76) doneze, marqsizmma fexi ver moi- kida verc frangul da verc inglisur muSaTa moZraobebSi (tred-unionebSi). marqsistuli ideologiis gavlena germaniis social-demokratiul partiazec ki sakmaod zedapiruli iyo. Tavi pirveli msxvili germaneli mewarmis, krupis qarxanaSi damzadebuli zarbazani parizis gamofenaze. 1867 20 wyaro 1 a industriuli produqciis zrda 1780­1896 ww. (gamoTvlilia mln girvanqa sterlingiT 1899) 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1888 1896 didi britaneTi 177 230 290 387 577 820 876 safrangeTi 147 190 220 264 380 485 596 germania 50 60 85 150 310 583 690 avstria­ungreTi 30 50 80 142 200 253 328 ruseTi 10 15 20 40 155 363 380 aSS 15 25 55 96 392 1443 1980 b saerTo erovnuli produqtis zrda erT sul mosaxleze (procentebSi) msoflio XIX saukuneSi 1700­1820 ww. 1820­1913 ww. 1973­1990 ww. didi britaneTi 0,3 1,1 1,8 belgia – 1,3 2,1 safrangeTi 0,2 1,0 1,9 germania _ 1,1 2,0 aSS _ 1,7 1,5 iaponia (1870 wlidan) _ 1,4 3,1 g rkinis mrewveloba 1820­1910 ww. (mln. t.) 1820 1850 1870 1890 inglisi 0,4 2,3 6,0 8,3 germania _ 0,2 1,4 4,7 safrangeTi _ 0,4 1,2 2,0 ruseTi _ _ _ 0,5 aSS _ 0,6 1,7 9,4 d rkinigzebi evropaSi (km) 1840 1850 1870 1890 germania 469 5856 18876 42869 safrangeTi 497 2915 15544 33280 didi britaneTi 2390 9797 21558 27827 avstria­ungreTi 144 1573 9589 26519 ruseTi 27 501 10731 30596 21  wyaro 1 e urbanizacia (mosaxleobis ricxvi aTasobiT) 1800 1850 1880 1910 londoni 959 2363 3830 4523 (gareubnebiT) (1117) (2685) (4770) (7256) liverpuli 82 376 553 746 manCesteri 75 303 341 714 parizi 547 1053 2269 2888 vena 247 444 726 2030 berlini 172 419 1122 2071 (3730) wyaro 2 industrializebuli manCesteri Tavi pirveli aleqsis de tokvilis inglisSi mogzaurobis Canawerebidan (1835): grafi aleqsis de tokvili _ frangi konservatori publicisti, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva safrangeTis revoluciisa da SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebis SesaniS­ navi istoriuli analiziT. `borcvis mwvervalze... ocdaaTi Tu ormoci fabrikaa aRmarTuli... [es] industriis centralizaciis mauwyebelia. maT [fabrikebis eqvssarTuliani Senobebis] garSemo... muSebis sacxovrebelia... iq [Waobian adgilas] sruldeba viwro quCebi, maT gaswvriv erTsarTuliani saxlebia, romelTa cudad Sekruli ficruli kedlebi da Camsxvreu­ li minebi mianiSnebs adamianis ukanasknel TavSesafarze siRatakesa da sikvdils So­ ris. am ubadruk dasaxlebaSi naxevradmiwuri sardafebis mTeli rigia. Tormetidan TxuTmetamde adamiani iZulebulia gaiyos es nestiani da amazrzeni farTobi. qalaqi sqeli Savi kvamliTaa moculi... romelSic mzis sxivebi ar aRwevs... am myrali kloakis wiaRSi iRebs saTaves adamianis xeliT Seqmnili industriis didi nakadi, aqedan anayofierebs is msoflios. am binZuri wyarodan moedineba wminda­ wylis oqro. es adamianis gonis srulyofilebisa da amave dros damcirebis gansax­ ierebaa. aq axdens civilizacia saswauls da civilizebuli adamiani TiTqmis velur mdgomareobas ubrundeba. 22 wyaro 3 ingliseli Tanamedrove safeiqro industriis Sesaxeb (1835): `100 cxenis Zalis mqone orTqlis manqanas, romelsac Sesabamisad, 880 kacis Zala aqvs,... 50 aTasi sarTavi mohyavs moqmedebaSi... mTel am [warmoebas] 750 muSa emsaxu­ reba. am manqanebs SeuZliaT... imdeni Zafis darTva, ramdensac uwin 200 aTasi adami­ ani Tu SeZlebda. amdenad, erT kacs imdenis warmoeba SeuZlia, ramdenic adre 266­s…... mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebiT 40 aTasi adamiani Tu irCenda Tavs, dRes 37­jer meti Soulobs am saqmianobiT purs.~ bavSvebis Sroma msoflio XIX saukuneSi maRaroSi. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevari wyaro 4 socialuri uzrunvelyofa germaneli mewarmis, Stumis (1836-1901) muSebisaTvis: `Stumis muSebis BbavSvebi... skolaSi Ddadian... firma uzrunvelyofs samedicino da sicocxlis dazRvevas, pensiebs invalidebisaTvis, qvrivebisa da oblebisaTvis. fir­ mas aqvs Tavisi saavadmyofoebi, moxucebulTa da obolTa TavSesafrebi... sawarmoebis kuTvnili muSaTa sacxovreblebis binis qira dabalia... aqvs biblioTeka muSebisaTvis... sasadilo iafi sakvebiT. SabaTobiT iq samxedro koncerti imarTeba. vinc 900 markas dazogavs, mas sawarmosagan 2400 markis miReba SeuZlia sakuTari sacxovreblis mSeneblobisaTvis. fasebis zrdis periodSi sawarmo muSebs xelfasze 10%­ian danamats aZlevs. wyaro 5 pap leo XIII-is (1878-1903) kaTolokuri socialuri moZRvreba. nawyveti misi `socialuri enciklikidan~ (1891): `...upirveles yovlisa, sarwmunoebas, romlis damcvelic eklesiaa, SeuZlia Searigos mqoneni da arasmqoneni, Tuki orive mxares maT urTierTvaldebulebebs ganumar­ tavs... daqiravebulma muSebma sakuTari interesebis dasacavad... ar unda mimarTon Zala­ dobas... damqiraveblebi ar unda moeqcnen muSebs, rogorc ymebs, pativi unda scen maT adamianur Rirsebas... radgan Sroma sircxvili ki ara, pativia adamianisaTvis... dam­ qiraveblis umniSvnelovanesi movaleoba Sromis samarTliani anazRaurebaa.~ 23  wyaro 6 karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis `komunisturi partiis manifestidan~ (1847): a `aqamde arsebuli sazogadoebis istoria klasobrivi brZolis istoriaa. sazoga­ doeba dayofilia or mtrul banakad... or urTierTdapirispirebul klasad: bur­ Juaziad da proletariatad... burJuaziam moaxdina warmoebis saSualebebis centralizacia da sakuTrebis erTeulebis xelSi koncentracia... muSebi, romlebic iZulebulni arian gayidon [sakuTari samuSao Zala], saqonelia,... muSa manqanis ubralo danamatad iqca..., muSebi burJuaziis klasis ymebi arian... wvrili burJuazia... wvrili mewarmeebi, vaWrebi... , xelosnebi da glexebi... proletariatad iqcnen... burJuaziis klasis arsebobisa da batonobis pirobaa simdidris dagroveba kerZo pirebis xelSi, kapitalis Seqmna da zrda. kapitalis arsebobis pirobaa daqiravebuli Sroma. industriis ganviTareba... muSebis [dasaqmebisaTvis] konkurenciiT gamowveul izolacias maTi revoluciuri gaerTianebiT cvlis. burJuaziis dacema da prole­ tariatis gamarjveba gardauvalia.~ b Tavi pirveli `muSaTa revoluciis pirveli nabiji proletariatis gabatonebul klasad qcevaa... proletariati Tavis politikur batonobas gamoiyenebs burJuaziisa­ Tvis... mTeli kapitalis CamosarTmevad, sawarmoo saSualebebis saxelmwifos xelSi centralizaciisaTvis [proletariatis diqtatura]... klasobrivi winaaRm­ degobiT aRsavse burJuaziuli sazogadoebis nacvlad... Cndeba asociacia [gaer­ Tianeba], romelSic [uzrunvelyofilia] individis Tavisufali ganviTareba [uk­ laso komunisturi sazogadoeba]. komunistebi yvelgan da yovelTvis mxars uWeren arsebuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul revoluciis moZraobas. yvela am moZraobis mTavari sakiTxi sakuTrebis sakiTxia... [komunistebi] Riad acxadeben, rom maTi mizani miRweuli iqneba mxolod arsebu­ li sazogadoebrivi wyobis ZaliT damxobis gziT...~ g `komunistebi yvela qveynis muSaTa partiebis umniSvnelovanesi wamyvani Zalaa. komunistebis mizania... proletariatis klasad qceva, burJuaziis batonobis damxoba, proletariatis mier politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi aReba... proletariats araferi aqvs dasakargi, sakuTari borkilebis garda... proletar­ iats ara aqvs samSoblo... proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!~ 24 wyaro 7 `sruliad germaniis muSaTa kavSiris~ wesdebidan (1863): `... im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom mxolod sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pir­ dapiri arCevnebis wesiT SeiZleba germanel muSaTa socialuri interesebis damakmayofileblad gatareba da sazogadoebaSi socialuri winaaRmdegobebis WeSmaritad daZleva, kavSiri miznad isaxavs mSvidobiani, legaluri gziT, sazoga­ doebis darwmunebas sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno wesis saWiroe­ baSi~. msoflio XIX saukuneSi klasSi samuSao 1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT, 1a, 1b, 1g, 1d, 1e statistikuri monacemebis SejerebiT gansazRvreT industrializaciiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri (cxovrebis done, socialuri struqtura) cvlilebebi. 2. SeadareT wyaroebi (2, 3) wyaro 1-Si mocemul statistikur monacemebs. gamokveTeT industrializaciis Tanmxlebi ZiriTadi socialuri problemebi. imsjeleT TiToeul maTganze. 3. wyaroebze (4, 5, 6) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT socialuri sakiTxis gadaWris sxvadasxva gzaze. 4. wyaroebze (6a, 6b, 6g) dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT marqsizmis ZiriTadi principebi. `komunisturi partiis manifestis~ mixedviT gansazRvreT ra aris burJuazia. ra aris proletariati? rogoraa warmodgenili muSaTa mdgomareoba? rogoraa dayofili sazogadoeba? ra rols TamaSobs am dayofaSi sakuTreba? ra gziT unda miaRwion komunistebma mizans? sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ra stadiebis monacvleobazea saubari? ra aris bolo stadia? aris Tu ara es monacvleoba winaswargansazRvruli? 5. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaro 6 (6a, 6b, 6g) da 7, aseve teqstis Sesabamisi monakveTi da gansazRvreT ra gavlena moaxdina marqsizmma germaniis muSaTa moZraobaze. ra principuli sxvaobaa socialuri sakiTxis gadaWris marqsis mier dadgenil da `sruliad germaniis muSaTa kavSiris~ mier arCeul gzebs Soris? 25  4. revoluciebis xana evropaSi. monarqiis restavracia da 1830 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi burbonebis restavracia leqsikoni safrangeTSi venis kongresze miRweuli SeTanxmebis r lui adolf tieri (1797- Sesabamisad, safrangeTSi aRdga `legiti- 1877) – cnobili istorikosi, muri~ samefo sagvareulos – burbonebis politikosi da sazogado moRvawe. frang istorikosTa mmarTveloba, magram amjerad konstitu- e.w. `20-iani wlebis pleadis~ ciuri monarqiis (konstituciiT SezRu- TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. duli monarqiis) saxiT. mefe lui XVIII-m iseve, rogorc am Taobis is- (1814-24) gamosca britanuli (saxelovani torikosTa sxva saxelovani revoluciisa da restavraciis) nimuSis warmomadgenlebi (mag., fran- mixedviT Sedgenili konstitucia, e.w. sua gizo (1787-1874) – kons- `qartia~, romelic ZalaSi 1848 wlamde rCe- tituciuri monarqiis ingli- boda. `qartia~ iTvaliswinebda Zalaufle- suri modelis momxre, resta- bis danawilebasa da warmomadgenlobiTi vraciis periodis mTavrobis Tavi pirveli organos `orpalatian sistemas~. parla- wevri. 1830 wlis revoluciis mentis zeda palata Sedgeboda mefis mier Semdeg Sinagan saqmeTa da ga- daniSnuli aristokratiisgan, qveda pala- naTlebis ministri, 1840 wels ta (warmomadgenlobiTi palata) ki arCevi- safrangeTis elCi londonSi, 1840-47 wlebSi ki safrange- Ti iyo. amasTanave, saarCevno xmis ufleba Tis sagareo saqmeTa minis- maRali qonebrivi cenziT izRudeboda. am tri da premier-ministri) cenzis Sesabamisad, 28 milioniani qveynis uSualod iyo CarTuli sa- moqalaqeTagan xmis ufleba mxolod asi zogadoebriv da politikur aTas mdidar moqalaqes eniWeboda. amde- cxovrebaSi. tieri iyo libe- nad, safrangeTis mosaxleobis udidesi raluri ideebis qomagi, kons- nawili moklebuli iyo sakanonmdeblo da tituciuri monarqiis ingli- sxva sazogadoebriv-politikur proce- suri modelis momxre, adamia- sebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. aR- nis uflebaTa da pirovnebis masrulebeli xelisufleba (ministrebi) Tavisuflebis damcveli. mxolod mefis winaSe iyvnen angariSvalde- tiers ivlisis `burJuaziuli bulni, mxolod maT hqondaT kanonproqe- monarqiis~ dros ekava maRali tebis SemuSavebisa da parlamentis winaSe Tanamdebobebi, iyo sagareo saqmeTa ministri, orjer maTi wardgenis ufleba. (1836 da 1840) – mTavrobis me- amave dros, `qartiaSi~ nawilobriv Se- Tauri. 1848 wlis revoluciis narCunda revoluciis monapovari da na- Semdeg gamodioda `demago- poleonis `samoqalaqo kodeqsiT~ gaTva- gebis~ anu `memarcxeneebis~ liswinebuli sazogadoebrivi cvlilebe- winaaRmdeg da maT ideebs `mo- bi: axali konstituciiT garantirebuli ralur da socialur wesrigs~ iyo kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, yve- upirispirebda. 26 las Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavisufle- ba. magram burbonebis restavraciis sawyis etapze revoluciisa da napoleon I-is momxreebi mainc idevnebodnen. daapatimres 70 aTasi adamiani, napoleonis zogierTi generali daxvrites. 1820 wels kidev ufro gamkacrda saarCevno cen- zi msxvili miwaTmflobeli Tavadaznaurobis sasargeblod. miuxedavad amisa, 1828 wlisTvis qveda palatis umravlesobas liberalebi Seadgendnen. lui XVIII-s gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTis taxti misma Zmam, Sarl X-m (1824-30) daikava. misi gamefebiT monarqiis restavraciis procesi ukiduresad konservatuli mimarTulebiT warimarTa. Sarl X parizSi dabrunebis Semdeg (1814) xelmZRvanelobda nacionalur gvardias. misi Zmis, lui XVIII-is mefobis periodSi is e.w. `ultraTa~ (ukiduresi konservatorebis) partiis wamyvani figura gaxda. `ultraTa~ kritikis mTavari samizne `qartia~ iyo. axali kons- titucia maT zedmetad liberalurad eCvenebodaT. Sarl X taxtze avida im ganzraxviT, rom ganexorcielebina Zveli reJimis `WeSmariti~ restavracia. Sarl X-m, upirveles yovlisa, sagangebo kanoniT (e.w. `miliardi emigrantis~ kanoni, 1825) kompensaciis saxiT, erTi miliardi franki gaiRo emigraciidan msoflio XIX saukuneSi dabrunebuli aristokratiisTvis revoluciis dros CamorTmeuli qonebis asanazRaureblad. man aRadgina, agreTve, eklesiis gavlena sazogadoebriv sferoSi, magaliTad, iseT saero dawesebulebebze, rogoricaa universiteti da skola. Sarl X-is mmarTvelobis perioDdSi parizis universiteti – arqie- piskoposs, skolebi ki adgilobriv episkoposebs daeqvemdebara. saeklesio simbolikis xelyofisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja dawesda. 1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia da `ivlisis monarqia~. Sarl X-is ultrakonservatulma saSinao politikam revoluciuri libera- luri faseulobebis erTguli sazogadoebrivi jfufebis protesti gamoiwvia. 1830 wlis martSi safrangeTis warmomadgenelTa palatam konservatuli mTav- robis gadadgoma moiTxova. sapasuxod mefem daiTxova parlamentis qveda pala- ta da axali arCevnebi gamoacxada. magram xelaxali arCevnebis Sedegad. abso- luturi umravlesoba isev mTavrobis politikis mowinaaRmdegeebma moipoves. amjerad mefem 1830 wlis 26 ivliss 4 brZanebuleba gamosca, romelTa ZaliTac gauqmda presis Tavisufleba, kvlav daiSala qveda palata, ganisazRvra axali arCevnebis TariRi da Seicvla saarCevno kanoni ise, rom amomrCevelTa isedac SezRuduli raodenoba sami meoTxediT Semcirda. mefis am oTx brZanebulebas mohyva sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis sapro- testo gamosvla (muSebis, studentebisa da sxva), romlebic parizis quCebSi barikadebis aRmarTviT gagrZelda, 28 ivliss ki quCis brZolebSi gadaizarda. barikadebze afrialda akrZaluli samferovani revoluciuri droSa. revo- luciis CasaxSobad gamoyvanili jari nawilobriv revolucionerTa mxareze gadavida. sami dRis Semdeg mefe iZulebuli gaxda ukan gaewvia Tavisi oTxi brZane- buleba. warmomadgenelTa palatam ki safrangeTis mefis taxti sxva burbons, orleanis hercog lui filips SesTavaza. Sarl X SotlandiaSi gaiqca. gamarjvebulma liberalebma lui-filipis taxtze asvlamde Secvales kons- 27  titucia. mefis tituli – `RvTis kurTxeviT safrangeTis mefe~ – Seicvala wo- debiT `frangebis mefe~. samferovani revoluciuri droSa kvlav safrangeTis saxelmwifo droSa gaxda. axali konstituciiT mTavroba mefis ki ara, parlamen- tis winaSe unda yofiliyo angariSvaldebuli. taxtze asvlamde lui-filipma (1830-1848) fici dado axal konstituciaze. amdenad, ivlisis monarqias safran- geTSi `burJuaziul monarqias~, xolo lui-filips `mefe-burJuas~ uwodeben. 1831 wels Seicvala saarCevno kanoni. am cvlilebiT amomrCevelTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 200 aTas kacamde gaizarda, ZiriTadad mdidari burJuaziis (banki- rebis, msxvili miwaTmflobelebis, msxvili vaWrebisa da msxvili mewarmeebis) xarjze. sul male msxvilma burJuaziam gamodevna aristokratia sazogadoebis mmarTveli elitis poziciidan. magram ivlisis revoluciam ver Secvala viTa- reba safrangeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis sasargeblod. ar gaumjobesebu- la glexebis, wvrili burJuaziisa da muSebis politikuri da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba. 1831 wels safrangeTis qalaq lionSi saprotesto gamosvlebi moawyves abre- Sumis qarxnis muSebma. protestis mizezi maTi isedac dabali xelfasis Sem- cireba iyo, romlis mosapovebladac maT dRe-RameSi 18 saaTis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT muSaoba. lionis muSaTa gamosvla xelisuflebam armiis Zalis ga- moyenebiT CaaxSo. 1834 wels lionSi kvlav daiwyo muSebis gamosvlebi. amjerad maTi mxardam- Tavi pirveli Weri aqciebis talRam safrangeTis dedaqalaqi da sxva didi qalaqebi moicva. TandaTanobBiT mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebi gamodiodnen saarCevno sistemis radikaluri cvlilebis moTxovniT. maTTvis samagaliTo figurad napoleon I iqca. frangebis did nawils napoleoni revoluciis saukeTeso me- mkvidreobis – samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis damcvelad da damam- kvidreblad esaxeboda. garda amisa, frangebis umravlesobisTvis swored na- poleoni iyo is `didi kaci~, vinc safrangeTs evropaSi pirveloba moupova. safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi `bonapartistuli~ ganwyobebis gaZlierebis sapasuxod da xalxis gulis mosagebad, lui-filipma wminda elenes kunZulidan napoleonis neStis gadmosveneba brZana. 1840 wels imperatoris kubo parizSi, invalidebis taZarSi daasvenes. bonapar- tistuli ganwyobilebis zrdiT isargebla napoleon I-is ZmisSvilma lui-napoleon bo- napartma da orjer scada saxelmwifo ga- datrialebis gziT Zalauflebis mopoveba (1836 da 1840 wlebSi). orive mcdeloba waru- matebeli aRmoCnda. Tavad lui-napoleon bonaparts ki samudamo patimroba miesaja. es ganaCeni ver aRsrulda, radgan lui-na- poleonma inglisSi gaqceva moaxerxa. napoleonis neStis gadmosveneba wminda elenes kunZulidan 1840w 28 wyaro 1 `saxelovani kvira~ (frangebi revoluciis dReebs 26-dan 31 ivlisis CaTvliT `saxelovan kviras~ uwodeben, zogjer ki _ `saxelovan sam dRes~, uSualod amboxis dReebs gamoarCeven). nawyveti XIX saukunis istorikosis oskar iegeris wignidan `uaxlesi istoria~: `...SuadRisas qalaqSi (parizSi) gavrcelda Tavzardamcemi cnoba – bazarze daeca fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebuleba; ikribeboda brbo, aRelvebul adamianTa jgufebi; Jurnalistebi, romelTa arsebobasac safrTxe daemuqra (Sarl X­is erT­erTi gankar­ gulebis gamo, romelic perioduli presis Tavisuflebas krZalavda: Jurnalis gamo­ cemisTvis aucilebeli iyo mefis sagangebo nebarTva, romelic sam TveSi erTxel ga­ naxlebas saWiroebda, am moTxovnaTa SeusruleblobisTvis gamocemul egzemplarebs apatimrebdnen, gamosacems – luqavdnen), xels awerdnen saprotesto gancxadebebs, Sedgenils maTgan yvelaze niWieris – adolf tieris mier... msoflio XIX saukuneSi RamiT mRelvareba gaZlierda, mxolod axla gaacnobieres mTeli sicxadiT Sarl X­is dadgenilebaTa antikonstituciuri Zala. diliT waikiTxes JuranalistTa saprotesto gancxadeba: `kanonieri mmarTveloba dasrulda, daiwyo Zaladoba, Seqm­ nil viTarebaSi kanonis morCileba aRaraa moqalaqeTa valdebuleba.~ Jurnalisteb­ ma gadawyvites magaliTi miecaT sxvebisTvis im xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevisa, romelmac TviTon Caiyena Tavi kanongareSe mdgomareobaSi... am dRes gazeT `tanis~ Senobis win, sadac uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili, Setakebebi moxda, daiRvara pirveli sisxli. mTavroba movlenaTa ganviTarebas eloda, mRelvarebaTa ganaxle­ bis SemTxvevaSi saalyo mdgomareobis gamocxadebas apirebda. oTxSabaTs dilidan saqme garTulda. quCebSi gamosuli xalxis raodenobam sagrZnoblad imata, gamoC­ ndnen 1827 wlis aprilSi ganadgurebuli nacionaluri gvardiis mundirSi Cacmuli adamianebi. 11 saaTze otel de vilis (parizis ratuSis) Tavze samferovani droSa afrialda, rac imas niSnavda, rom Senoba xalxis xelSi gadavida... Semdegi dRe, xuTSabaTi, 29 ivlisi, gadamwyveti iyo... jari, romlis moTxovnilebebzec mTavroba naklebad zrunavda... xelisuflebisTvis ar iyo sando. xalxi luvrSi SeiWra... xalxs ar hyavda lideri, procesebs verc mTavroba marTavda... umarTavi procesebis Sesa­ Cereblad liberalebma popularuli generlis, 1789 wlis moRvawis lafaietis saxe­ lis gamoyeneba gadawyvites. liberaluri burJuaziis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic arCevnebis Sedegad dawinaurdnen, unda emoqmedaT... isini ganTavsdnen ratuSaSi, maT win mouZRodaT moxucebuli generali lafaieti, Tan samferovani lentebic gamoayo­ les xels... moxuci lafaieti, romelsac TviTonac maincadamainc kargad ar esmoda, ra undoda, Zlivs akavebda brbos liberaluri sityvebiT...~ 29  klasSi samuSao 1. ganixileT wyaro. gamoyaviT adgilebi, romlebic Seicavs: 1) Sarl X-is reJi- mis daxasiaTebas; 2) liberalebis daxasiaTebas. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrd- nobiT imsjeleT 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciis mizezebsa da politikur xasiaTze. Tavi pirveli 1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia parizSi. barikadebi saSinao davaleba 1. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT SeadareT erTmaneTs lui XVIII-is, Sarl X-isa da lui-filip orleanelis mmarTvelobis sistemebi. gamoyaviT ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli principebi. SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad gamotanili daskvnebi CamoayalibeT werilobiT. ZiriTadi TariRebi 1830, 26 ivlisi – Sarl X­is brZanebulebebi 1814-1824 – lui XVIII­is 1831, 1834 – lionis mu­ mefoba Sebis gamosvlebi 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1830-1848 – `ivlisis monarqia~ safrangeTSi 1824-1830 – Sarl X­is mefoba 30 5. 1848-49 wlebis revoluciebi evropaSi 1848 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi 1848 wlisaTvis safrangeTSi damZimda mosaxleobis didi nawilis mdgomare- oba. 1846 wlis mousavlianobas sursaTze fasebis zrda mohyva. saerTaSoriso finansurma krizisma ki gavlena moaxdina umuSevrobis zrdaze. 1847 wels pari- zel muSaTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi SimSilobda. `meoTxe wodebis~ (wvrili burJuazia da mUuSebi) nawili moiTxovda umuSevarTa dasaqmebas saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi, e.w. `nacionalur sawarmoebSi~ da kerZo sawarmoTa saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadacemas – maT nacionalizacias. es moTxovnebi efuZneboda frangi socialistis, lui blanis (1811-82) programas, romelic saxelmwifosgan moiTxovda muSebis dacvas kapitalistebis TviTnebobisagan. 1848 wlis 22 Tebervals mTavrobam akrZala demonstraciis Catareba, ro- msoflio XIX saukuneSi melsac saarCevno kanonmdeblobis reforma unda moeTxova. erTi dRis Semdeg parizelebma isev aTasobiT barikada aRmarTes quCebSi. mefis mier gamosvlebis aRsakveTad gagzavnili nacionaluri gvardia ajanyebulTa mxareze gadavida. sami dRis Semdeg lui-filipi inglisSi gaiqca. 1848 wlis 24 Tebervals safrangeTi respublikad gamocxadda (meore respu- blika, 1848-52). axal, droebiT mTavrobaSi Sromis ministris Tanamdebobaze lui blani dainiSna. droebiTma mTavrobam gamoacxada `Sromis sayovelTao ufleba~ da Seqmna nacionaluri sawarmoebi. umuSevrebi, garkveuli anazRau- rebis sanacvlod, miwis samuSaoebiT daasaqmes. ganisazRvra agreTve dausaq- mebelTa daxmareba minimum erTi frankis odenobiT dReSi. am ukanaskneli ga- dawyvetilebis gamo aTasobiT umuSevari qveynis sxva regionebidan parizs moawyda. socialuri sakiTxebis mogvarebis garda, meore respublikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani monapovari iyo sayovelTao da Tanaswori xmis uflebis 1848 wlis revolucia parizSi 31  miniWeba mamakacebisaTvis. aprilSi am axali saarCevno wesis safuZvelze gai- marTa konstituciuri nacionaluri krebis arCevnebi. amjerad arCevnebSi cxra milioni amomrCeveli iRebda monawileobas (manamde 0,2 milioni). miuxedavad amisa, xmebis umravlesoba isev burJuaziam moipova. maTi mxridan gamZafrda saxelmwifo sawarmoebis kritika, am ukanasknelTa ararentabelurobis (aramom- gebianobis) gamo. roca nacionalurma krebam saxelmwifo sawarmoebi daxura, 23 ivniss parizeli muSebi isev quCaSi gamovidnen, amjerad SeiaraRebulebi (iaraRi maT cota xniT adre, rogorc nacionalur gvardielebs, daurigdaT). naciona- lurma krebam parizeli muSebis es ajanyeba, romelic evropaSi muSaTa pirvel revoluciadaa Sefasebuli, samxedro ZaliT CaaxSo. jars samxedro ministri, generali kaveniaki xelmZRvanelobda. brZolebSi 12 aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1848 wlis dekemberSi Catarda safrangeTis respublikis prezidentis arCev- nebi axali konstituciis safuZvelze. sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis (mxo- lod mamakacebisTvis) pirobebSi, xmaTa 75%-iT respublikis prezidentad am droisaTvis samSobloSi dabrunebuli lui-napoleoni airCies. lui-napoleoni burJuazias wesrigsa da daculobas Sehpirda, wvril burJuaziasa da muSebs ki siRaribisa da socialuri uTanasworobis daZlevas. wyaro 1 Tavi pirveli nawyveti meternixis mier ruseTis mefis, aleqsandre I-isTvis gagzavnili memo- randumidan: `[napoleonis mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli] areulobis Sedegad revoluciuri suliskveTeba advilad Seimosa mamulis WeSmariti siyvarulis mantiiT. kerZod ki germaniaSi, italiaSi, mogvianebiT espaneTSi... napoleonis qmedebebi, saziano safrangeTisa da evropisTvis, da maTi Zlieri gavlena msoflioze... restavraciis saqmes sruli ganadgurebiT emuqreba. safrTxe eqmneba agreTve mTavari monarqebis kavSirs, romelsac analogi ar moeZebneba istoriaSi. es gavlena iZleva, agreTve, SiSis safuZvels, rom sazogadoeba warmoudgeneli katastrofis winaSe aRmoCndeba. es moraluri kibos avadmyofoba gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebis saSualo klasebsaa modebuli da mxolod maT wreSi moiZebnebian WeSmariti partiuli liderebi. xal­ xis masa ki araa am seniT Sepyrobili. safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, iseve rogorc italia­ sa da espaneTSi, xalxs mSvidobisa da simSvidis garda, araferi unda. am oTx qveyanaSi avadmyofobis gamavrcelebel klass miekuTvnebian saqmosnebi, moxeleebi, mwerlebi, advokatebi, maswavleblebi. saSualo klasi presas daepatrona, marTavs mas, borotad iyenebs mas uRmerTobis, religiisa da saxelmwifos kanonebisadmi daumorCileblo­ bis saqadageblad~. revoluciuri movlenebi germaniasa da avstriis imperiaSi ekonomikur krizissa da SezRudul saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebuli politikuri dapirispireba ivlisis monarqiis damxobis mizezi gaxda. 1848 wels safrangeTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma imoqmeda politikur procesebze evropis sxva qveynebSic. kontinenturi evropis monarqiul saxelmwifoebs revoluciebis talRam gadauara. 32  1848 wlis TebervalSi samxreT germaniaSi liberalurad ganwyobilma demons- trantebma moiTxoves presis Tavisufleba da demokratiuli uflebebi, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Camoyalibeba, sasamarTlo procesebis sajarooba, aseve erTiani germanuli parlamentis Seqmna. 1848 wlis martis barikaduli brZolebis Semdeg avstriasa da prusiaSic ki dainiSnen liberali ministrebi da orive qveynis xelisufalni konstituciu- ri krebis mowvevas dasTanxmdnen. venaSi revolucia 1848 wlis 13 marts, Zveli monarqiuli reJimis saxed qceuli meternixis gadadgomiT daiwyo. berlinSi barikadebze liberali revolucionerebis samferovani droSa afrialda (ger- manuli droSa: Savi-wiTeli-yviTeli ferebiT, Tanamedrove germaniis federa- ciuli respublikis saxelmwifo droSa). Cexebma, italielebma da ungrelebma erovnuli Tanasworuflebianoba, aseve damoukidebloba moiTxoves, riTac safrTxe Seuqmnes avstriis mravalerovani imperiis arsebobas. industriul regionebSi ki (mag., qalaq kiolnSi) muSebi gamodiodnen socialuri moTxovnebiT. isini iTxovdnen muSebis dacvas mewar- meTa TviTnebobisgan, eqspluataciisgan, Sromis uflebas, warmoebis naciona- msoflio XIX saukuneSi lizacias. germanul saxelmwifoebsa da avstriaSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Semdeg, 1848 wlis maisSi muSaobas Seudga konstituciuri nacionaluri kreba mainis frankfurtSi, revoluciuri samferovani droSebiT sazeimod morTul paul- skirxeSi (mociqul pavles saxelobis eklesiaSi), prusiis nacionaluri kreba berlinSi da sakonstitucio raixstagi venaSi. frankfurtis nacionaluri (ero- vnuli) krebis (e.w. `frankfurtis parlamentis~) deputatebad airCies ganaT- lebuli adamianebi - advokatebi, profesorebi, sajaro moxeleebi, burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi. frankfurtSi droebiTi germanuli centraluri mTavrobac ki Seiqmna, magram mas ar hqonda Zalauflebis aRsrulebis uflebamosileba da is ar ucvniaT sxva saxelmwifoebs. prusiis nacionalurma krebam da venaSi moqmedma raixs- tagma ki miiRes metad mniSvnelovani gadawyve- tilebebi glexobis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. 1848 wlis dekemberSi frankfurtis nacio- nalurma krebam Camoayaliba `germaneli xa- lxis ZiriTadi uflebebi~, 1849 wlis martSi ki daasrula konstituciis teqstze muSaoba. es dokumenti iTvaliswinebda gaerTianebul germanul saxelmwifoTa Seqmnas avstriis ga- reSe (e.w. germaniis gaerTianebis `mciregerma- nuli~ gegmis Sesabamisad. frankfurtis kre- baze ganixileboda germanuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis `didgermanuli~ gegmac, romlis mixedviTac gaerTianebul germanul saxelmwi- foSi avstriac unda Sesuliyo). konstituciis Tanaxmad, mTavroba angariSvaldebuli unda yo- `erTiani germania samferovani filiyo parlamentis winaSe. amas garda, unda revoluciuri droSiT~. 1848 gauqmebuliyo SemorCenili feodaluri privi- wlis germanuli plakati 33  legiebi yovelgvari kompensaciis gareSe. yoveli moqalaqe piradad Tavisufali da wyaro 2 kanonis winaSe Tanaswori unda yofili- liberalizmis ZiriTadi yo, uqmdeboda wodebrivi uTanasworoba. politikuri debulebebi: `frankfurtis parlamentis~ mier SemuSa- vebuli konstituciis principebi warma- (ganmarteba 1834 wels tebiT gamoiyenes I msoflio omis Semdeg gamocemuli enciklopediuri warmoqmnili respublikuri germaniis (`vai- leqsikonidan) maris respublikis~) konstituciaSi, xolo `dReisaTvis `liberaluri~ II msoflio omis Semdeg – germaniis federa- ewodeba yvela qveyanaSi gav­ ciuli respublikis konstituciaSi. amave rcelebul partias, romelic dros frankfurtis nacionalur krebas ar eswrafvis xalxis Tavisuflebas, ganuxilavs muSebisa da xelosnebis socia- icavs ra individualur Tavisu­ luri moTxovnebi. flebas, erTi mxriv, mTavrobis frankfurtis krebam gaerTianebuli SemzRudveli dawesebulebe­ germanuli saxelmwifos meTaurad pru- bisagan, meore mxriv ki, masebis siis mefe fridrix vilhelm IV airCia. ma- Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan. gram am ukanasknelma ar miiRo germaniis liberaluri partiis umTavres imperatoris gvirgvini revolucionerTa miznebSi Serwymulia kon­ xelidan. piriqiT, man ZaliT daSala pru- stituciuri wesrigis Seqmnis Tavi pirveli siis nacionaluri kreba da gamoiwvia pru- miswrafebebi da brZola yvela siis deputatebi frankfurtidanac. 1849 im dabrkolebis asalagmavad, wlis seqtemberSi jaris daxmarebiT ga- romlebic TiToeuli adamianis rekes frankfurtis nacionaluri krebis sulieri da materialuri Zaleb­ danarCeni wevrebic. nacionaluri krebis is ganviTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba. nacvlad aRadgines Zveli bundestagi, ro- melmac gaauqma frankfurtis krebis mier es partia ar ugulebelyofs miRebuli kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli istorias, is pativs scems arse­ ZiriTadi uflebebi. buls, magram mas surs arsebulis rogorc berlinSi, ise venaSi, revolu- ganviTareba drois moTxovnebis ciebi samxedro ZaliT CaaxSes (1849 wlis Sesabamisad. konstituciam unda Semodgomaze). aseve gauswordnen Cex da aRkveTos xelisuflis mxri­ italiel ajanyebulebsac. 1849 wlis agvis- dan individis samarTlebrivi toSi, rusuli armiis daxmarebiT, daamar- uflebebis xelyofa, kanonis cxes revolucia ungreTASic. ajanyebulTa winaSe Tanasworobam unda meTaurebi sikvdiliT dasajes. amrigad, daicvas adamiani Cagvrisgan, habsburgebma ZalmomreobiT kidev er- mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba Txel moaxerxes imperiis xsna sxvadasxva unda iyos sasamarTlos gadawy­ erovnul saxelmwifoebad daSlis safr- vetilebebis samarTlebrivobis Txisgan da kvlav ganimtkices batonoba garantia, presis Tavisuflebam italiaze. unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoeb­ 1848-49 wlebis revoluciebma, waruma- rivi azris Tavisufali teblobis miuxedavad, biZgi misca evropis gamoxatva, tolerantobam xeli monarqiuli reJimebis liberalizaciisa unda Seuwyos Tavisufali azris da parlamentarizaciis process. ganviTarebas.~ 34  klasSi samuSao 1. ganixileT wyaro 1. ganmarteT, ras uwodebs meternixi `moralur kibos~. ra safrTxis Semcvelia misTvis napoleonis evropaSi batonobis Sedegad gavrcelebuli liberaluri ideebi. daaxasiaTeT agreTve sazogadoebis is fena, romelic liberaluri ideebis matarebeli iyo. 2. paragrafis teqstSi moZebneT adgili, sadac saubaria meternixze, rogorc Zveli reJimis saxeze. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT daasabuTeT es Sefaseba. msoflio XIX saukuneSi saSinao davaleba 1. ganixileT wyaro 2. CamoayalibeT liberaluri partiebis ZiriTadi moTxovne- bi. am da wina paragrafis teqstebsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT mokle Txzuleba Temaze: `liberalizmi – XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris evropuli revoluciebis ideuri safuZveli~. ZiriTadi TariRebi 1848, marti – barikaduli brZolebi prusiasa da avstriaSi 1848, maisi – frankfurtis nacionaluri krebis, prusiis naciona­ luri krebisa da venis sakonstitucio raixstagis gaxsna 1848, dekemberi – `germaneli xalxis ZiriTadi uflebebi~ 1848-1852 – II respublika safrangeTSi 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1849, marti – germanuli konstitucia 1849, Semodgoma – revoluciis CaxSoba avstriis imperiasa da germanul saxelmwifoebSi 35  6. saqarTvelos samefoebis dapyroba ruseTis mier. ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg XVIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis arc iransa da arc osmaleTs ar SeeZloT konku- renciis gaweva ruseTisaTvis saqarTveloSi. Tavis mxriv, inglissa da safrangeTs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi ubiZgebda TiToeul maTgans ezruna ruseTis sakuTar mxareze gadmosabireblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi evropuli imperia ar mie- salmeboda ruseTis winsvlas samxreTisaken, maT ar SeeeZloT, politikuri mizezebidan gamomdinare, Riad dapirispirebodnen ruseTis hegemonistur miswrafebebs am regionSi. saqarTvelo interesTa gadakveTis centrSi iyo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi ruseTis poziciebi sakmaod myari iyo. misi sazRvari ukve samxreT kavkasiasTan gadioda. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri kavSiri hqonda damyarebuli ruseTTan da formalurad misi proteqtoratis qveS iyo. am viTarebaSi inglissa da safrangeTs farulad Tu SeeZloT ruseTis winsvlisaTvis xelis SeSla da osmaleTisa da iranis mxardaWera. qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTeba ruseTTan 1800 wels, giorgi XII-is mZime avadmyofobis periodSi, ukve naTeli gaxda, rom Tavi pirveli ruseTi angariSs aRar gauwevda georgievskis traqtats, romelic iTvaliswineb- da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis (Tundac SezRudulis) SenarCu- nebas. qarTl-kaxeTis mizani am periodSi mxolod avtonomiurobis SenarCuneba SeiZleboda yofiliyo. erekles IG I-is sikvdilis Semdeg urTierToba samefo karze daiZaba. taxtze asuli giorgi XII isev ruseTTan kavSirs aniWebda upiratesobas, samefo sagvareulos zo- gierTi sxva warmomadgeneli ki ar iziarebda am politikur kurss. giorgi XII male, 1800 wlis miwuruls gardaicvala. misi mmarTvelobis ukanasknel periodSi, me- fis mZimed avadmyofobis pirobebSi, realuri Zalaufleba ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis, kovalenskisa da saqarTveloSi rusuli jarebis mxedarTmTa- vris, lazarevis xelSi iyo. imperator pavle I-is mTavroba, romelic kargad iyo informirebuli qarTl- kaxeTSi Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb, mxolod Sesaferis moments eloda samefos gasauqmeblad. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebam es saSualeba Seqmna. ruseTsa da sa- qarTvelos Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, taxtze unda asuliyo gior- gis vaJi daviTi, magram ruseTs gadawyvetili hqonda aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis periferiul provinciad eqcia. pirveli manifesti ruseTis imperator pavle I-is xelmoweriT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb jer kidev giorgi XII-is sicocxlis ukanasknel dReebSi, 1800 wlis 18 dekembers gamoqveynda. 1801 wlis 18 ianvars pavle I-is xelmoweriT sankt-peterburgsa da moskovSi gamoqveynda manifesti, romliTac cxaddeboda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsireba ruseTis mier. TebervalSi igive manifesti TbilisSic ga- moqveynda. 1801 wlis 12 marts sasaxlis SeTqmulebis Sedegad pavle I mokles da taxtze avida misi vaJi aleqsandre I. imperiis xelisuflebam kidev erTxel ganixila saqarTvelos aneqsirebis sakiTxi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos same- 36 fos mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, rogorc ruseTis sayrdeni punqtisa axlo aRmosavleTisaken eqspansiisaTvis, gadawyda qarTl-kaxeTis avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis gauqmeba da aneqsirebul teritoriebze rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatoris axali manifesti gamoqveynda, romelic imeorebda wina manifestebis Sinaarss. 1802 wlis aprilSi ki manifesti gavrcelda Tbilissa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi. wyaro 1 giorgi XII-is elCebis moTxovnebi ruseTis imperiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesvlis notidan (1800 w. 23 noemberi): 1. mis umaRlesobas, Cvens xelmwifes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe giorgis, didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed da TviTmpyroblad. msoflio XIX saukuneSi 2. mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni datovebul iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT. mefeebs, romlebmac mTeli samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad gamoacxades, TavianT samefoSi mTavari mmar­ Tveloba SeunarCundes. isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv, isini gansakuTrebuli nebar­ Tvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben. 3. …...misi udidebulesoba mefe saqarTvelos samefos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis, pirvel xanebSi ki, adgilobriv miwaTmoqmedTa erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis misaniQWeblad... 15. qarTveli mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, Tavadaznaurobas, samRvdeloebas, vaWrebs da sxvadasxva xelobis xalxs sxva qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi unda hqondeT.~ wyaro 2 qarTveli elCebis, WavWavaZis, avaliSvilisa da falavandiSvilis saprotesto werilidan ruseTis mTavrobisadmi: `axla Cven vxedavT, rom saqarTvelos miReba gamoqveynebulia, manifesti amis Sesaxeb Sedgenili da damtkicebulia, Cven ki araferi da aravisgan ar vicodiT amis Sesaxeb, arc saqarTvelos mierTebis da arc manifestis Sedgenis Taobaze…... Cven am mizeziT nawyeni varT, da, garda amisa, ubedurad vTvliT Tavs, radgan Tqven sxvebze ukeT uwyiT Tqvens moxsenebas, saqmianobas da Zalisxmevas _ amasTan, amgvari SeerTebis gamoisobiT, Cven pativayrilebi da ndobaze uarmiRebulni aRmovCndiT~. 37  manifesti saidumlod SemuSavda da ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli qarTuli mxaris interesebi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SezRudul avtonomiazec ki uari eTqva da ruse- Tis imperiis ubralo provinciad gadaiqca. qveynis saTaveSi `mTavarsardali~, igive saqarTvelos mmarTveli anu mTavarmmarTebeli dainiSna. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daiyo mazrebad, romelTac saTaveSi rusi oficrebi, `kapitan- ispravnikebi~ edgnen. 1803-05 wlebSi bagrationTa samefo ojaxis wevrebi TiTqmis mTlianad gada- saxles ruseTSi (maTi umravlesoba peterburgSi damkvidrda). ruseTis mTav- robam maT pensiebic ki dauniSna. am pirobebSi taxtis mTavar pretendentad iranSi gadaxvewili erekle II-is vaJi aleqsandre batoniSvili iqca. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas bunebrivad mohyva qarTl-kaxeTis saxel- mwifos struqturis Secvla. rusifikaciis Sedegad qarTuli ena ganidevna sa- jaro administraciidan. samarTalwarmoeba mosaxleobisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze mimdinareobda, nebismieri dokumentic rusul enaze unda Sevsebuliyo. rusuli mmarTveloba TandaTanobiT erovnuli Cagvris iaraRad iqca, rac Seexo uklebliv yvela socialur fenas. ruseTidan gamogzavnili Cinovnikebis ganukiTxavi moqmedeba mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. feodalTa didi nawilic aseve ukmayofilo iyo rusu- li mmarTvelobiT. isini or dapirispirebul jgufad iyofodnen: prorusuli Tavi pirveli orientaciis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo da- moukideblad arseboba da emxrobodnen ruseTTan kavSirs, Tumca moiTxovdnen, rom saqarTvelos miniWeboda farTo avtonomia imperiis SigniT. am jgufis SexedulebiT, avtonomiur administracias SeeZlo gaeZlierebina ruseTis daxmarebiT gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo da mxolod aseT pirobebSi SeiZleboda damoukideblobis aRdgenaze fiqri. meore, nacionalisturi jgufi sxva miznebs isaxavda. isini ibrZodnen qveynis gasaTavisufleblad da taxtze bagrationTa dinastiis aRsadgenad. amisaTvis isini TurqeTisa da sparseTis daxmarebaze amyarebdnen imeds. mefis ruseTis moxeleebi saqarTveloSi. i. celiSevis karikatura 38  qarTveli erisTvis umZimesi dartyma gamodga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa- liis (damoukideblobis) gauqmeba ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier 1811 wels. am droidan moyolebuli 1917 wlamde qarTuli eklesia saegzarqosos saxiT ruseTis eklesias eqvemdebareboda. mZime socialuri pirobebisa da erovnuli Cagvris gamo, 1804 wels ajanyd- nen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi, xolo 1812 wels didi ajanyeba moxda kaxeTSi. ajanyebebi sastikad CaaxSes. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi am xanebSi umniS- vnelovanesi figura iyo aleqsandre batoniSvili. is 1790 wlidan, 20 wlis asakSi ukve aqtiurad monawileobda politikur cxovrebaSi, gamoavlina samxedro niWic. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan sul male aleqsandre iranSi ga- daixvewa. magram ruseT-iranis omis dawyebis Semdeg dabrunda saqarTveloSi da saTaveSi Caudga erovnul moZraobas. aleqsandre batoniSvili imeds amyarebda iranis daxmarebaze. amasTan erTad, is upirvelesad 1783 wlis traqtatis dacvis momxre iyo, magram ruseTis mxridan traqtatis sruli ignorirebis pirobebSi, misi mizani saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena gaxda. msoflio XIX saukuneSi amasTan erTad, qarTvel patriotTa nawili miuReblad miiCnevda iranis pozi- ciebis aRdgenas qveyanaSi da rusul jarsac exmareboda. magaliTad, ruseT-ira- nis omis dros 4500 qarTveli moxalise monawileobda War-belaqnis dapyrobaSi. amgvari daZabulobis pirobebSi mefis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda