Islamic Architecture PDF

WELCOME TO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE LECTURE BY: AR. RAFAEL DAYANGHIRANG AGENDA Influencing Factors of Islamic Architecture Geological Climate Social Religion Historical Building Types and Terminologies Sub-types of Islamic Architecture  ISLAMIC ARCHITE...

WELCOME TO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE LECTURE BY: AR. RAFAEL DAYANGHIRANG AGENDA Influencing Factors of Islamic Architecture Geological Climate Social Religion Historical Building Types and Terminologies Sub-types of Islamic Architecture  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Architectural style that encompasses the architectural development of the Muslim world in the Middle East, Spain, Africa, India and Southeast Asia ERAS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: 1. Early Islamic Architecture (622 – 1258 AD) - Started as an off-shoot of Byzantine 2. Later Islamic Architecture (1258 – 1922) Source: https://youtu.be/I14x4-q_Gj4?si=1yo4FEmg329Ohm8a - New and original features are later added. Reference: A History of Architecture (latest ed.); Fletcher, Sir Banister Architectural Character and the History of Architecture by George Salvan  ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 1. Mosques 2. Muqarnas, Pointed Arches and Horseshoe Arches 3. Squinches domes 4. Geometric art DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM - OLDEST EXISTING ISLAMIC MONUMENT - SAID TO HOLD THE ROCK WHERE MUHAMMAD ASCENDED TO HEAVEN. Reference: A History of Architecture (latest ed.); Fletcher, Sir Banister Architectural Character and the History of Architecture by George Salvan  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MUQARNAS POINTED ARCHES HORSESHOE ARCHES - Decorative stalactive moulding 2.  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 3. DOMES  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Islamic geometric patterns are one of the major forms of Islamic ornament, which tends to avoid using figurative images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many holy scriptures. 4. GEOMETRIC ART  INFLUENCING FACTORS BUILDING MATERIALS - Building Stones - Marble - Use of Bricks and Pise (Rammed Earth) - Gypsum Plaster - Glass - Metalworks - Timber 1. GEOLOGICAL  INFLUENCING FACTORS Hot-dry Climate Hot-wet Climate - Middle East, Mediterranean, North - India, Southeast Asia Africa - Wide eaves - Living spaces of those areas are - Sheltering arcades carefully protected against the strong winds (Tavassoli, 1983) - Steep roofs - Heavy rammed earth walls to control heat and protection from strong winds - Wind catchers – to collect cold winds for cross ventilation in buildings - Less windows - Compressed and combined buildings - Courtyards 2. Demak Mosque of Central Java CLIMATE  INFLUENCING FACTORS Ethnic Groups: 1. Arab groups – essentially has desert tribal culture - Public life for men - Domestic life for women, sometimes live in “harems” (women’s quarters) 2. Uyghurs – Turkic ethnic group in Central and East Asia 3. Hui people – Chinese Muslim minorities in Liang and Zhongyuan 4. Bosniaks – Ethnic Muslims from Bosnia 5. Slavic Muslims- mostly from Serbia 6. Torbesi – Macedonian speaking Muslims 7. Amazighs – Berber people from Spain 8. Tajiks – Persian speaking-Iranian ethnic group 9. Bengali Muslims – second largest Muslim ethnic group from Bangladesh 10. Moro people – Filipino Muslims in Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. 3. SOCIAL  INFLUENCING FACTORS Acceptance of transitory nature of earthly life Personal humility Abhorrence of images worship No essential differentiation in techniques between buildings with a directly religious connotation and other buildings Buildings having a direct social or community purpose Decorations tend towards the abstract using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs Basic conservatism discouraged innovations and favored established forms 4. RELIGION  INFLUENCING FACTORS 5. Source: https://youtu.be/k2ExG9Nc_aA?si=8pPPmoimSC5Wap4- HISTORICAL  BUILDING TERMINOLOGIES BUILDING TYPES: BUILDING COMPONENTS: MASJID – also called mosque MIHRAB - niche in a mosque indicating the Qibla (kible), the direction in which a Muslim shall JAMI – use of the building for Friday prayers perform the Salat. MADRASSAH – Muslim religious college MINBAR is the pulpit in a mosque, placed next to MEDRESE – Turkish Muslim religious college the mihrab, for ceremonial announcements and mosque SARAY, SERAI - palace SAHN - courtyard where worshippers wash before offering their prayers IWAN - rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, PERSONNEL: walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. MUENZZIN – caller who summons the faithful PISHTAQ – formal gateway to the iwan to prayer. MINARET – tower from which call to prayer is IMAN – man who leads the congregation at made. prayer. HAREM – women’s or private quarters of a house CALIPIN / CALIPH – successor to the prophet or palace. as military, judicial and spiritual leader SELAMTIK – men’s or guest’s quarters CHATTRI (INDIA) - kiosk  BUILDING TYPES MASJID – also called mosque JAMI – mosque uniquely used for Friday prayers AL AQSA MASJID JAMA MASJID OF DELHI JERUSALEM DELHI, INDIA main congregational mosque or prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa one of the largest mosques in India. mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem. Built by Shah Jahan of the Mughal Empire. Front of Dome of the Rock.  BUILDING TYPES MADRASSAH – Muslim religious college SARAY, SERAI - palace – Muslim religious college MUSTANSIRIYA MADRASAH ALHAMBRA BAGHDAD, IRAQ GRANADA. SPAIN was a medieval-era scholarly complex that provided a It is one of the most famous monuments of universal system of higher education. Islamic architecture and one of the best- preserved palaces of the historic Islamic world,  BUILDING COMPONENTS MINBAR - is the pulpit in a MIHRAB - niche in a MINARET - tower from which call to mosque, placed next to the mosque indicating the prayer is made. mihrab, for ceremonial Qibla (kible), the direction announcements in which a Muslim shall perform the Salat.  BUILDING COMPONENTS IWAN - rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. SAHN - courtyard where worshippers wash PISHTAQ – formal gateway to the iwan before offering their prayers  BUILDING COMPONENTS CHATTRI – semi-open, elevated, dome-shaped pavilions in India TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1. Umayyad Architecture - developed in the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of Syria and Palestine 2. Abbasid Architecture – This occurred mainly during the period corresponding with their power and prosperity between 750 and 932 3. Ottoman Architecture – developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine and Iranian architecture along with other architectural traditions in the Middle East. (13th to 17th Century AD 4. Saffavid Architecture – took place from 1501 to 1722; characterized by its ornate tilework, intricate carvings, grand domes, arches, and iwans 5. Mughal Architecture – including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; took place from 16th to 18th Century 6. Moorish Architecture - developed in the western Islamic world, including al-Andalus (on the Iberian peninsula) and what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (part of the Maghreb). 8th to 13th century  TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Umayyad Architecture Abbasid Architecture GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA Christian and Muslim tradition alike consider it the burial For a time, the mosque was the largest in the world; its place of John the Baptist's head, a tradition originating in the minaret, the Malwiya Tower, 6th century.  TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL Architecture MOORISH ARCHITECTURE TAJ MAHAL GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and Spanish region of Andalusia. completed in 1648 AD, with the mosque  TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Ottoman Architecture Safavid Architecture BLUE MOSQUE OF ISTANBUL SAFAVID IWAN. It also attracts a large number of tourists and is one of the ornate tilework, intricate carvings, grand domes, arches, and most iconic and popular monuments of Ottoman, iwans. HOA 3 PLATE 1 DRAW ME: Favored Islamic Building Materials: Use pencil / black pen CRITERIA: - Detail - 40% - Complexity– 30% - Presentation – 30% FOR NEXT MEETING: Indian Architecture