IS REVIEWER QUIZ.docx

**INFORMATION SYSTEM CONCEPTS** - An information system (IS) is a collection of ***hardware, software, data, procedures*, and people** that work together to provide information necessary for the functioning of an organization. - It encompasses a wide range of ***technologies and proces...

**INFORMATION SYSTEM CONCEPTS** - An information system (IS) is a collection of ***hardware, software, data, procedures*, and people** that work together to provide information necessary for the functioning of an organization. - It encompasses a wide range of ***technologies and processes*** that manage and manipulate data into meaningful information for various users. **Information Technology (IT) vs. Information Systems (IS)** - **IT** is primarily concerned with the **technical aspects of computing systems**. - **IS** integrates IT into the broader **context of business processes**, focusing on how technology can be used to meet organizational goals. **ATTRIBUTES OF INFORMATION: ARTCR** 1. **Accuracy:** Information should be free from errors and should reflect reality as closely as possible. 2. **Relevance:** Information should be pertinent to the task or decision at hand. 3. **TIMELINESS:** Information should be available when needed to be effective. 4. **COMPLETENESS:** Information should provide a full picture of the subject matter. 5. **RELIABILITY:** Information should be dependable and consistent. **FRAMEWORKS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS** **Frameworks**: Various frameworks help conceptualize and structure information systems. Three common frameworks are: 1. **FIVE COMPONENTS FRAMEWORK:** Developed by **Peter Senge**, this framework includes hardware, software, data, procedures, and people as the **five** essential components of an information system. 2. **INFORMATION SYSTEMS PYRAMID:** This framework categorizes information systems into **three** **levels:** operational, managerial, and executive, based on their role in the organization. 3. **STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK:** Focuses on aligning IS with an organization\'s strategic goals and competitive advantage. - **HARDWARE:** Physical devices like computers, servers, and networking equipment. - **SOFTWARE:** Programs and applications that enable data processing and manipulation. - **DATA:** Raw facts and figures that serve as the foundation for information. - **PROCEDURES:** Sets of instructions or protocols for handling data and making decisions. - **PEOPLE:** Users, analysts, developers, and other personnel involved in the IS lifecycle. **Components and Elements of Computer: RHSND** a. **Resources** b. **Hardware** c. **Software** d. **Network** e. **Data Storage** **1.1 Hardware** - Hardware comprises **physical devices** such as central processing units (CPUs), memory, storage devices, input/output peripherals, and network equipment. - Different types of hardware serve specific functions within an organization\'s information systems, from servers that host applications to end-user devices like desktop computers and smartphones. **1.2 Software** - Software encompasses operating systems, application software, and middleware that enable hardware components to work together. - Distinguishing between system software (e.g., OS) and application software (e.g., word processing, CRM) is essential. - The role of software in **managing hardware resources** and **facilitating information processing** is explored. **1.3 Networks** - Networks, including lans (local area networks) and wans (wide area networks), connect hardware components and enable data exchange. - Understanding network protocols, topologies, and security measures is crucial. - Modern advancements like wireless networks and the internet of things (iot) impact information systems. **1.4 Data Storage** - Data storage systems store and manage the vast amount of data used by organizations. - Types of storage devices (e.g., hard drives, SSDs), databases, and data storage technologies are discussed. - Emphasis on data security, redundancy, and scalability in data storage solutions. **Evolution of Computer Resources: MPSC** 1. **Mainframes** 2. **Personal Computers (PCs)** 3. **Servers** 4. **Cloud Computing** **2.1 Mainframes** - Mainframes were the initial computing resources used for large-scale data processing. - They were characterized by high processing power, reliability, and centralized control. - Mainframes **played a vital role in early information systems** for tasks like accounting and inventory management. **2.2 Personal Computers (PCs)** - The advent of PCs decentralized computing, empowering individual users. - PCs facilitated personal productivity and led to the development of client-server architectures. - The importance of desktop applications and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in information systems. **2.3 Servers** - Server technology evolved to **support networked computing environments.** - Discussion on file servers, application servers, web servers, and their roles in modern information systems. - Emphasis on scalability and redundancy in server architectures. **2.4 Cloud Computing** - The paradigm shift towards **cloud computing**, where resources are accessed remotely via the internet. - Advantages of cloud computing, such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and reduced IT infrastructure management. **Significance of Computer Resources in Information Systems** - The critical role of computer resources in information systems for data processing, decision-making, and communication. - The impact of resource allocation and management on the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization\'s operations. **EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT** **EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES** 1. **ABACUS** - was invented in Mesopotamia between 2700 and 2300 BCE. - counting device that let users move beads along rods to accomplish elementary arithmetic calculations. 2. **BABBAGE'S ANALYTICAL ENGINE** - developed the idea for the Analytical Engine in the 19th century. - it was a mechanical general- purpose computer that could do numerous calculations automatically. - resembled the architecture of modern computers, had elements like an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control flow, and storage. - was developed with help from **Ada Lovelace**, who is frequently cited as the first computer programmer. - Ada Lovelace wrote **algorithms** for the Analytical Engine. 3. **EARLY PUNCH CARD SYSTEMS** - a widely used method of data processing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. - In the late 1800s, **Herman Hollerith** created a punch card tabulating device after **being influenced** by **Charles Babbage\'s work**. - His creation was applied to the 1890 US Census, greatly cutting down on the amount of time needed for data analysis. - emphasized the value of data entry and processing, paving the way for the creation of electronic computers. **FIRST GENERATION (1940S-1950S)** The first generation of electronic computers marked a significant leap forward in computational power. Notable developments during this period include: 1. **ENIAC (1945)** - **The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer** (ENIAC) was the world\'s first general-purpose digital computer. It used vacuum tubes and could perform a wide range of calculations, including ballistics calculations for the military. 2. **UNIVAC I (1951)** - Short for **Universal Automatic Computer**, was the first commercially produced computer. It played a role in the 1952 presidential election by accurately predicting the outcome. **SECOND GENERATION (1950S-1960S)** The second generation of computers saw the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors, resulting in smaller, faster, and more reliable machines. Key developments included: 1. **IBM 1401 (1959)** - This widely used business computer contributed to the automation of data processing tasks, making it accessible to a broader range of organizations. 2. **COBOL (1959)** - The development of the **Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL)** made software more accessible, allowing programmers to write code in a language closer to natural language. **THIRD GENERATION (1960S-1970S)** Advancements in integrated circuits and the development of the microprocessor defined the third generation of computers. Notable milestones included: 1. **IBM SYSTEM/360 (1964)** - The System/360 family introduced compatibility across different models, a concept that remains relevant in modern computing. 2. **INTEL 4004 (1971)** - Intel\'s 4004 microprocessor marked the birth of microcomputing, paving the way for personal computers. **FOURTH GENERATION (1980S-PRESENT)** The fourth generation witnessed the emergence of personal computers and the widespread use of microprocessors. Key developments include: 1. **IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER (1981)** - The IBM PC became the industry standard and led to the popularization of personal computing. 2. **WORLD WIDE WEB (1989)** - The invention of the World Wide Web by **Tim Berners-Lee** revolutionized communication and information sharing, setting the stage for modern internet-based computing. **MILESTONES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE** **INVENTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES** 1. **Fortran (1957)** - John Backus and his team created Fortran, the first high-level programming language, simplifying the process of writing code. 2. **C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE (1972)** - Dennis Ritchie developed C, a highly influential language that underlies many modern programming languages. **DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEMS** 1. **UNIX (1969)** - Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others at Bell Labs developed UNIX, which served as the basis for many subsequent operating systems. 2. **MICROSOFT WINDOWS (1985)** - Microsoft\'s Windows operating system became dominant in the personal computer market. **BIRTH OF THE INTERNET** 1. **ARPANET (1969**) - The U.S. Department of Defense created ARPANET, a precursor to the modern internet. 2. **WORLD WIDE WEB (1990S)** - The development of web browsers and HTML by **Tim Berners-Lee** made the internet accessible to the public. **IMPACT ON SOCIETY** **BUSINESS** - The use of computers has revolutionized company processes by enabling the automation of jobs like accounting, inventory control, and customer service. - E-commerce has thrived, enabling businesses to connect with a global clientele. **EDUCATION** - Computers have revolutionized education with e-learning platforms, online resources, and interactive educational software. - Access to information has been democratized, facilitating research and learning. **HEALTHCARE** - Electronic health records (EHRs) have eased healthcare administration and enhanced patient care. - Medical imaging and diagnostic tools have advanced, assisting in the early discovery of disease. **ENTERTAINMENT** - Computers have revolutionized the entertainment industry, enabling video games, digital art, and multimedia experiences. - Streaming services and digital distribution have transformed how we consume music, movies, and television. **CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS** **EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES** - Emerging technologies in the field of computing are poised to revolutionize various industries. **QUANTUM COMPUTING** - Utilizing the ideas behind quantum physics, new methods of information processing are made possible. - Its possible uses include drug discovery, optimization issues, and cryptography. - Quantum computers could break existing encryption systems, but they could also be used to create unhackable communication channels through quantum key distribution. - Quantum simulations may hasten the development of novel substances and medicines. **ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)** - AI is still developing quickly and is having an impact on everything from finance to healthcare. - Deep learning approaches have recently made significant advances in speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language processing. - Autonomous vehicles powered by AI offer safer mobility, while AI is assisting with medication discovery and disease diagnostics in the medical field. - The ethical issues around bias, data privacy, and AI decision-making are still crucial to consider. **BLOCKCHAIN** - Blockchain technology is disrupting industries like finance and supply chain management. - Transparent and tamper-proof transactions are ensured by its secure and decentralized ledger technology. - Beyond cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology can be used to improve trust and security in a variety of industries by enabling identity verification, voting processes, and supply chain traceability. **RECENT INNOVATIONS** - Recent innovations in computer hardware, software, and networking are pushing the boundaries of what computers can achieve. **QUANTUM SUPREMACY** - Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy in 2019 by proving that quantum computers can solve a given issue more quickly than even the most sophisticated classical computers. - This development heralds the beginning of real-world uses for quantum computing. **EDGE COMPUTING** - Edge computing reduces latency and enables real-time decision-making by bringing processing capacity closer to data sources. - It serves IoT, autonomous driving, and augmented reality applications where split-second reactions are essential. **AI IN GENERATIVE MODELS** - Astonishing powers in natural language synthesis, artistic creation, and even coding have been demonstrated by generative models like GPT-3. - Although these models are opening the door for innovative AI applications, they also raise questions regarding the development of deep fakes and false information. **ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS** - Advanced computing technologies raise significant ethical and societal concerns. **PRIVACY** - Protecting people\'s privacy becomes a top priority as data collecting grows increasingly prevalent. - It might be difficult to strike a compromise between privacy protection and data-driven innovation. **BIAS IN AI** - AI algorithms can pick up biases from training data, leading to unfair results. - A crucial ethical requirement is to address bias in AI and ensure fairness in decision-making procedures. **CYBERSECURITY** - Greater cybersecurity dangers come with more advanced technology. - It is still difficult to secure sensitive data, infrastructure, and personal information from cyberattacks and breaches. **FUTURE TRENDS** - Future computing trends are difficult to predict, but several important themes are starting to emerge. **QUANTUM COMPUTING MATURITY** - Quantum computing is expected to mature, enabling breakthroughs in cryptography, optimization, and materials science. Widespread adoption, however, may be a decade or more away. **AI IN HEALTHCARE** - Predictive analytics, medication discovery, and individualized treatment regimens will all become mainstream as AI\'s involvement in healthcare grows. - In this progression, regulatory frameworks and data privacy will be crucial. **ETHICAL AI REGULATION** - Governments and organizations will step up their efforts to control AI, concentrating on accountability, transparency, and bias reduction. - The establishment of ethical AI standards will guarantee ethical AI development and application. **PARALLEL COMPUTING: ENHANCING PERFORMANCE WITH MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS** **PARALLEL COMPUTING** - is a computational approach where multiple tasks or processes are executed concurrently, with the aim of achieving improved computational performance and efficiency. - 1. **PARALLEL COMPUTING: CORE CONCEPTS** DEFINITION - the concurrent execution of multiple tasks to achieve faster and more efficient computation. MOTIVATION - Sequential computing faces limitations in processing speed and scalability, driving the need for parallelism. 2. **TYPES OF PARALLELISM** TASK PARALLELISM - Dividing a problem into smaller tasks that can be executed simultaneously. DATE PARALLELISM - Processing multiple data elements concurrently. **MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS: ENABLING PARALLELISM** 1. **ARCHITECTURE** **MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE** - Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) or Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP) configurations. **SHARED MEMORY VS. DISTRIBUTED MEMORY** - Cores may share memory (SMP) or operate with separate memory (AMP). 2. **BENEFITS OF MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS** **ENHANCED PERFORMANCE** - Execution of multiple threads or processes in parallel leads to improved performance. **ENERGY EFFICIENCY** - Multi-core processors offer better performance per watt, reducing power consumption. 3. **CHALLENGES** **PARALLEL PROGRAMMING COMPLEXITY** - Developing software that efficiently utilizes multiple cores requires expertise in parallel programming. **AMDAHL'S LAW** - Highlights potential bottlenecks in parallelization. **PARALLEL PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES** 1. **SHARED MEMORY PARALLELISM** **THREAD-BASED PROGRAMMING** - Threads within a single process share memory, allowing for shared data structures and communication. **OPENMP** - A directive-based API simplifying the creation of multithreaded applications. **2. MESSAGE PASSING** **MPI (MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE)** - Facilitates communication among distributed processes via message passing, common in high- performance computing (HPC) and cluster computing. **3. DATA PARALLELISM** **SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION, MULTIPLE DATA)** - Executes the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously. GPU Computing: Leveraging Graphics Processing Units for data-parallel workloads using frameworks like CUDA and OpenCL. **RELEVANCE IN TODAY'S COMPUTING LANDSCAPE** **1. SCIENTIFIC AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING (HPC)** - Parallelism is essential for complex simulations, scientific research, and weather forecasting. **2. BIG DATA ANALYTICS** - Parallel processing accelerates data analysis, enabling real-time decision-making in analytics and data-driven industries. **3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE LEARNING** - Training large AI models benefits from parallelism, reducing training times and enabling faster insights. **4. GAMING AND GRAPHICS** - Multi-core processors and GPUs power immersive gaming experiences and complex 3D rendering. **5. WEB SERVICES AND CLOUD COMPUTING** - Scalable, parallelized services are vital for meeting the demands of cloud-based applications and web services.