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IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 WORLD BANK FUNCTIONS ★ Provides low-charged interest loans to poverty-driven countries. ★ Primarily they target or obs...

IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 WORLD BANK FUNCTIONS ★ Provides low-charged interest loans to poverty-driven countries. ★ Primarily they target or observe underdeveloped nations. ★ World’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. ★ The original purpose was to help rebuild Europe and Japan after World War II. ★ "absolute poverty" and set twin goals of accelerating economic growth and reducing poverty. “The World Bank works in every major area of development. It provides a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face.” 1. Reduce poverty Provide low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries Lend money to countries to implement reforms or projects for productive purposes in areas such as education, health, public administration, infrastructure, environment, etc. Promote private foreign investment by providing guarantees to the member nations 2. Advise countries in areas like health, education, nutrition, finance, public administration, law, and the environment Encourage reconversion of productive facilities for greater utilization Help developing countries deliver measurable results by setting standards in public services, expected actions for regional and international issues, and encourage private investment Provide advisory services to governments and institutions regarding public debt and asset management to build institutional capacity to protect and expand financial resources OBJECTIVES It aims to enhance the overall economic development of all nations and increase their gross domestic product (GDP). Millennium Development Goals:  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality and empower women 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) – CCT works where there are recipients, who generally rank among the poorest of the poor, who will receive cash allowance in exchange for bringing their children in for regular health check-ups and enrolling them in school or, in the case of adults, testing negative for sexually transmitted infections. Tanzania: Third Social Action Fund (TASAF III) Philippines: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS ★ that regulates global trade between nations. ★ is to ensure that international trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes between member countries. 1. Administering Trade Agreements 2. Facilitating Trade Negotiations 3. Settling Trade Disputes 4. Monitoring Trade Policies 5. Providing Technical Assistance and Training  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 6. Promoting Global Trade Cooperation OBJECTIVES 1. Promoting Free and Fair Trade 2. Ensuring Non-Discrimination 3. Increasing Global Economic Welfare 4. Promoting Economic Development 5. Ensuring Predictability and Stability in TradeRelations 6. Encouraging Fair Competition 7. Supporting Sustainable Development PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Trade Agreements: The WTO has recently approved a package of six trade agreements. These include commitments to reverse over-fishing and pledges on health and food security. One notable agreement is a partial waiver of intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines, allowing developing countries to produce and export these vaccines. 2. TradeTech Initiative: This initiative focuses on leveraging technology to revolutionize global trade. It aims to break down barriers to effective trade flow and ensure the efficient global exchange of goods. 3. Investment Facilitation for Development: Representatives from 113 economies have finalized a new agreement on sustainable investment facilitation for development. This agreement aims to create a more conducive environment for investment in developing countries. 4. Inclusive Development: The WTO is also working on trade facilitation projects that have led to significant returns on investment and savings in various project countries. These initiatives are designed to promote inclusive development and ensure that the benefits of trade are widely shared.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS ★ to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. It was created in response to security concerns after World War II, particularly the Soviet Union’s expansion in Europe. ★ to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members. It does this through political and military means, ensuring the collective defense of all Allies, against all threats, from all directions. OBJECTIVES Peace and Security in Europe and North America The principle of collective defense Ensuring stability at home by engaging outside of NATO Making collective decisions through consultation and consensus Setting NATO’s strategic direction PROGRAMS/PROJECTS September 25 and 26, 2024, a team from the NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme was in Baku, Azerbaijan to review practical scientific cooperation and kick off a new research project focused on protecting critical infrastructure from cyber-attacks. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL FUNCTIONS/OBJECTIVES independently seeks to uncover human rights violations of governments, armed political organizations, companies, and other non-state actors actively pursues the release of political prisoners as well as the relief of their families conducts research and action focusing on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of expression, and freedom from discrimination.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Afghanistan Amnesty International joined the Alliance for Human Rights in Afghanistan. Alliance for Human Rights in Afghanistan aims to collectively monitor the spiraling human rights abuses in the country Calls for an urgent rethinking of the international response to the human rights crisis in Afghanistan Countries are urged to unite in urgently and effectively addressing the human rights crisis, providing them steps on what to do. 2. Congo Amnesty International is working to end forced evictions involving human rights violations in Congo due to mining. Amnesty International urges the government to investigate and enforce laws according to international standards. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS/ OBJECTIVES to fight international crime. Provide mutual assistance between police in different countries. (ICPC) To support the police services of its member countries in their efforts to prevent crime and conduct criminal investigations as efficiently and effectively as possible. Facilitates cross border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat crime. FOUR CORE SERVICES OF THE ORGANIZATION 1. Securing Global Police Communication Services – global police communication system, which is known as I-24/7 (Information 24x7. 2. Operational data services and databases for police – oversees a variety of databases including names and images of wanted individuals, known offenders, fingerprints, DNA profiles, lost or stolen passports.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 Seven types of notices: RED To seek arrest or provisional arrest with a view of extradition YELLOW To help missing persons BLUE To collect information about a person identity and activity BLACK To seek info about unidentified bodies GREEN To provide warning that a person committed a crime will likely to commit it again in other countries ORANGE Warn the police and public about threat of disguised weapons or bombs. INTERPOL-United groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban Nations Special Notice 3. Operational police support services – operates a 24-hour Command and Coordination Centre to assist any member country faced with a crisis situation, co-ordinate the exchange of information and assume a crisis- management role during serious incidents. 4. Police Training and Development – to increase member countries' capacity to successfully fight terrorism and major international crimes. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS Project MAST. – The focal point of this initiative is particularly about the maritime threats situated in the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 to improve institutional capacity to fight terrorism, piracy, armed robbery and lessen the susceptibility of ships. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT FUNCTIONS – to prosecute individuals responsible for the most serious offenses of international concern, including genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression. 1. Prosecution of Serious Crimes - The ICC investigates and prosecutes individuals for four specific categories of crimes under the Rome Statute: Genocide - acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group War Crimes - serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflicts or conflicts not of an international character, such as intentionally killing civilians or prisoners of war Crimes Against Humanity - widespread or systematic attacks directed against civilians, such as murder, enslavement, torture, rape, and forced displacement Crime of Aggression - use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another state (added in 2010 by amendment to the Rome Statute) 2. Complementarity – The ICC operates on the principle of complementarity, meaning it only intervenes when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute these crimes. The ICC is a court of last resort. 3. Investigations – The Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) investigates allegations of crimes falling within the ICC’s jurisdiction. 4. Trial and Judgment - The ICC conducts fair and public trials. It has the power to: hear cases against individuals accused of serious crimes issue arrest warrants for individuals suspected of involvement in crimes under its jurisdiction deliver judgments and impose penalties, including imprisonment and reparations for victims 5. Witness and Victim Protection - The ICC ensures the safety and well- being of victims and witnesses involved in cases. It has a Victims and Witnesses Unit responsible for protection, security, and counseling services.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 6. Reparations for Victims - The ICC can order reparations for victims of crimes, including restitution, compensation, and rehabilitation. The ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) assists in delivering these reparations and supports victims through psychological and physical rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES Ending Impunity Justice for Victims Contributing to International Peace and Security Complementing National Jurisdictions Developing International Law Promoting Rule of Law and Accountability PROGRAMS/PROJECTS – focuses on ongoing cases and investigations. These cases are its primary “projects,” aimed at bringing justice in conflict zones where crimes against humanity, war crimes, or genocide are alleged to have occurred. These cases represent an active, ongoing project by the ICC as it works to hold individuals accountable for grave international crimes. These “projects” are long-term and often involve several stages, from investigation to trial. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) FUNCTIONS – was established to rebuild schools, libraries, and museums in Europe that were destroyed by the war. – involved in protecting the natural environment and humanity's cultural heritage, for example, the saving of ancient Egyptian monuments from the waters of the Aswan High Dam in 1960, and sponsoring an international agreement to establish a World Heritage List of cultural sites and natural areas for government protection. – its establishment is mainly facilitative aimed at assisting, supporting, and complementing the national efforts of member states to eliminate illiteracy.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 – to contribute to the building of a culture of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development, and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication, and information. – to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. OBJECTIVES Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication PROGRAMS/PROJECTS PRIORITY AFRICA – Priority Africa is one of UNESCO's two global priorities, alongside Gender Equality This initiative aims to support sustainable development and socio-economic transformation across the African continent - The Operational Strategy for Priority Africa 2022-2029 was developed in consultation with Member States, including the UNESCO Africa Group, and focuses on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations' Agenda 2030 and the African Union's Agenda 2063, "The Africa We Want" - The strategy includes five flagship programmes designed to address the challenges of African development as defined by Africans themselves - These programmes focus on areas such as education, science, culture, communication, and information  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF) FUNCTIONS – one of the most well-known and influential humanitarian organizations in the world because it consistently prioritizes the rights of children and basic services. 1.Advocacy for Children’s Rights 2.Emеrgеncy Rеsponsе and Humanitarian Aid 3.Program Development and Implementation 4.Resource Mobilization and Management 5.Advocating for Equitable access to quality education for all children 6.Ensuring Child Safety 7.Partnerships With Governments, NGOs, And Private Sector 8.Empowers Young People And Promotes Their Participation OBJECTIVES 1.Ensuring child survival and health 2.Promoting quality еducation and lеarning opportunitiеs 3.Protеcting children from еxploitation and violеncе 4.Advocating for equality and inclusion 5.Strеngthеning social inclusion and еquity 6.Enhancing humanitarian action and rеsiliеncе PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Improving the educational prospects of marginalized children → Accelerated and Differentiated Learning a. aims to help these children catch up with their peers by enabling them to progress at a pace that matches their abilities. b. By providing intensive, targeted instruction, accelerated learning programs can bridge educational gaps and more effectively reintegrate children into formal education systems.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 c. Differentiated learning ensures that each child receives the support they need to thrive academically, whether they are struggling with specific subjects or excelling and seeking further challenge 2. Safeguarding and Improving Children's Health → Comprehensive Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Response Strategies a. Offer vital services to impacted children during emergencies, such as natural disasters or humanitarian crises. b. Advances a child-focused strategy for disaster risk reduction (DRR) by developing templates that local administrations can use to integrate DRR into their development plans. SAVE THE CHILDREN FUNCTIONS 1. Child Survival and Health 2. Education 3. Child Protection 4. Emergency Response 5. Advocacy and Campaigns OBJECTIVES 1. Inspire Breakthroughs 2. Empower Communities 3. Ensure Rights 4. Combat Inequality 5. Global Reach PROGRAMS/PROJECTS Asia: Reduce Poverty Gap Africa: Provide shelter and healthcare Europe: Protection of vulnerable families seeking safety South Central America: Children’s education and healthcare United Kingdom: Gap between poor and better off families  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 WORLD LABOR ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS/ OBJECTIVES 1. To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment. 2. To promote and realize standards, and fundamental principles and rights at work. 3. To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all. 4. To strengthen tripartism and social dialogue. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Assessing and Addressing the Effects of Trade on Employment (ETE) → aims to support the analysis and formulation of effective and coherent trade and labor market policies that address the adjustment challenges that workers and employers face and expand opportunities for the creation of decent employment in developing countries. 2. Cooperative Facility for Africa (COOPAFRICA) → assists cooperatives to improve their governance, efficiency and performance in order to strengthen their capacity to create jobs, access markets, generate income, reduce poverty, provide social protection and give people a voice in society 3. Decent Country Work Programmes → provide a framework that identifies the priorities of ILO constituents in a country and specifies the planned support of the Office to the achievement of results under those priorities UNITED NATION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS/OBJECTIVES | Promotion and acceleration of sustainable industrial development. The organization plays a crucial role in accelerating and achieving sustainable development among member-states. It also provide its support by the four mandated functions:  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 1.Technical cooperation; 2.Action-oriented research and policy-advisory services; 3.Normative standards-related activities; and 4.Fostering partnership for knowledge and technology transfer. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS Japan funded 3 new UNIDO projects through its 2023 grant aid and supplementary budget. 1. Cameroon – Promoting sustainability and strengthening international competitiveness of domestic products by enhancing advanced technologies 2. Ukraine– Emergency assistance for 3D printed prosthetics and job creation in Ukraine 3. Palestine – Promotion of integrated services for enhanced industrial decarbonization and upgraded economic and social performance through the Palestinian Business Prosperity Center WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS – connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health. a. NORMATIVE FUNCTIONS – Setting international health standards, guidelines, and policies. b. DIRECTING AND COORDINATING FUNCTIONS – Leading global health efforts and coordinating responses to health emergencies. c. RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION FUNCTIONS – Promoting health research and providing technical assistance to countries. OBJECTIVES 1. OBJECTIVES FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE - focus on primary health care to improve access to quality essential services - work towards sustainable financing and financial protection  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 - improve access to essential medicines and health products - train the health workforce and advise on labor policies - support people's participation in national health policies - improve monitoring, data, and information. 2. OBJECTIVES FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES - prepare for emergencies by identifying, mitigating, and managing risks - prevent emergencies and support the development of tools necessary during outbreaks - detect and respond to acute health emergencies - support delivery of essential health services in fragile settings. 3. OBJECTIVES FOR HEALTH AND WELL BEING - address social determinants - promote intersectoral approaches to health - prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS – "All for Health, Health for All." → It aims to work together with its member states and partners. It aims to (1) promote good health, (2) provide health services without financial burden, and (3) protect individuals from health emergencies. DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS – Everyone,regardless of gender, color, religion, creed, or political affiliation, should have access to high-quality healthcare. FUNCTIONS – the teams pledged to document patient experiences and raise awareness of the issues causing emergency room visits. Doctors Without Borders aimed to establish an independent organization that focuses on delivering emergency medical aid in the field – quickly, effectively, and impartially.  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 OBJECTIVES 1. To provide assistance to people in need, victims of armed conflict, and victims of natural or man-made disasters. 2. To offer basic healthcare, performs surgery, fights epidemics, rehabilitates and manages hospitals and clinics, carries out vaccination campaigns, operates nutrition centers, provides mental healthcare and human resources, and offers training to local medical staff. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS – increasing its response to the growing medical and humanitarian needs in the wake of airstrikes and widespread Israeli bombings of various areas in Lebanon. - providing primary health care and vital relief supplies to those who have been displaced by the conflict. WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE FUNCTIONS – WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. OBJECTIVES 1. Mission – to build a future in which people live in harmony with nature. To deliver this mission, we work to conserve and restore biodiversity, the web that supports all life on Earth 2. Values – COURAGE, INTEGRITY, RESPECT, COLLABORATION 3. Goals – Puts people at the center and organizes our work around six key areas: forests, marine, freshwater, wildlife, food and climate. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. IMPORTANT MILESTONE FOR CLIMATE AND OCEAN ACTION 2. FIRSTEVERDAM REMOVALS CROATIA  IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 GREENPEACE FUNCTIONS/OBJECTIVES The Greenpeace organization's aim is to protect and ensure that sustainable development is achieved to support life in all forms by: 1. Conserve the biodiversity 2. Avoid heating up the planet beyond 1.5° to decrease the impacts of a climate change 3. Reducal of hyper consumption level and balance a budget conscious lifestyle 4. Enforce renewable energy as a world powering 5. Promote world peace, demilitarization, and nonviolence. PROGRAMS/PROJECTS 1. Ending the climate change - The organization are taking down an action to transitioning the economy off fossil fuels onto safe and renewable energy sources 2. Protecting The ocean - They tend to still prevent the destructive fishing practices since mining companies implemented a harmful project to extract minerals that will greatly impact the biodiversity and the ecosystem 3. Safeguarding The forest - Protect and secure the forest around the world from destruction replacing it with restoration, the greenpeace organization are working together with the indigenous people along with its supporters 4. Defending the democracy needed - The greenpeace organizations continue to promote such movements and activities that will empower democracy and build a better future together. COLLECTIVE SECURITY – A principle that was adopted by the League of Nations and later on → UN – it is a principle that seeks to prevent aggression through a system of collective alliance/defense. IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 In the International Community, there is a Universal norm/standard of (1) Peace and (2) Cooperation ★ Constructivist Approach – justifies the presence of collective security in the international community “Collective security” – not limited to member-states, therefore it should be inclusive. UN’s Security Council- organ that aims to protect not only its member states from war and aggression and promotes peace and security. → decisions made by SC, usually there is a solution through consensus but sometimes, other permanent members disapprove such. (1990, Iraq invasion of Kuwait) – resolution for nationwide coalition through political sanction. → example of successful implementation of collective security since 5/5 permanent members agreed to such. Ex. UN, 1990 Iraq Invasion to Kuwait | COLLECTIVE ALLIANCE/DEFENSE – made through treaty or organization designed to protect its MEMBER-STATES against aggression by a non-member states – Exclusive Ex. NATO (org), Mutual Defense Treaty (treaty) ★ Theorist/Proponents of Collective Security observes that countries who joined collective defense/alliances, they are most likely countries who follow LIBERAL DEMOCRACY. – because the concept of checks and balances | Characteristics/Components of Collective Security 1. Device for Power Management – war is inevitable but we can prevent it by using all our powers and resources to manage the affairs of state to create international cooperation. 2. Universality of Aggression– since it is inevitable, violators can be taken care of or managed by specific organizations that promote international peace and security. IRO-MIDTERMS Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 3. All States should be committed– everyone should be committed since this is not a problem of one state but can be a problem of every state of every member of the international community. 4. Global Preponderance for power – greater in number, the bigger the better. It encourages more power for cooperation in the international community. No states should be left alone. It should be an effort for everyone, with a higher probability of successful collective security. 5. Recognizes the presence of IO – encourages states to create international organizations for interdependence, and is obliged to follow and abide by the rules as it promotes cooperation. 6. Collective Security is a deterrent against war – it discourages war; intimidation on the part of the aggressor through the collective power. 7. Aggression/War is the enemy and not the state that committed it. – the aim is to stop aggression and not to end the state. It is directed to those who are governing the country.