IPC Reviewer - INT 101ahs Interprofessional Collaboration - Past Paper PDF

# IPC Reviewer ## INT 101ahs Interprofessional Collaboration ### Leadership & Management **Leadership:** * Encouragement * Clear Goals * Clear Communication * Support * Good Example * Recognition * Inspiration * Integrity * Vision * Stimulating work **& Participative** * Charisma & Influence * Leaders have followers * Heart **Management** * Involved * Dictatorial, Authoritative, Transactional, Autocratic, Consultative and Democratic * Formal authority & position * Manager has subordinates * Heart **Leadership vs. Management** **Leadership:** * Focused in leading people * Achievements * Look at problems and devise new creative solutions. * Using charisma and commitment, they excite, motivate and focus others to solve problems and excel. **Management:** * Focused in managing work * Results * Create strategies, policies, and methods to create teams and ideas that combine to operate smoothly * Empower people by soliciting their views, values and principles **Leadership vs. Management** **Leadership:** * Facilitative * Transformational, Consultative **Leadership Theories** * Path-goal * Situational * Transformational ### Path-Goal **Leadership Style** * Directive * Supportive * Participative * Achievement Oriented **Employee and Environment** 1. The need for control 2. The need for structure 3. The need for competence 4. The need for affiliation **Path** * Task Characteristics * Obstacles **Motivation** ###### *Diagram of a leadership style model* ### Situational * Adopting a leadership style according to the maturity levels of subordinates. ###### *Illustration of situational leadership style model. * ### Transformational * Transformational leaders achieve this in four ways: * **Vision:** They create a noble vision to work towards that inspires others. * **Authenticity:** They are authentic in their commitment to the mission, not just to personal gain. Their integrity inspires the team to take action. * **Empowering:** Everyone using coercive power. Rewarding good performance. * **Focus:** Leaders are focused on making tomorrow better. * Transformational leaders "have a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers". ###### *Illustration of transformative leadership style model* ### What is the Democratic Leadership Style? The Democratic Leadership Style is one that provides subordinates with the opportunity to collaborate with the decision making process. Although the democratic leader maintains the final decision making responsibility, it is common for them to delegate authority to other people, who determine work projects. Ideas move freely amongst members of the group and are discussed in an open forum. Everyone is given a seat at the table, and the discussions are free flowing in the democratic leadership style. ### Authoritarian Leader Exhibits * Strong control is maintained over the work group. * Others are motivated by coercion. * Others are directed with commands. * Communication flows downward. * Decision making does not involve others. * Emphasis is on difference in status ("I and you") * Criticism is punitive ### The Democratic Leader Exhibits * Less control is maintained * Economic and ego awards are used to motivate * Others are directed through suggestions and guidance * Communication flows up and down. * Decision making involves others. ### Laissez-Faire Leadership * Freedom for followers to make decisions * Group members expected to solve problems on their own ### Laissez-faire Leader Exhibits * Permissive, with little or no control. * Motivates by support when requested by the group or individuals. * Uses upward and downward communication between members of the group. * Disperses decision making throughout the group. * Places emphasis on the group * Do not criticize ### Effective Leadership Skills: * Communication * Decision Making * Management * Conflict Resolution * Team Building ### Communication to Effective Leadership All members of the health care team must learn to communicate clearly and therapeutically with their patients. Skills in listening, observing, speaking and writing are required of the successful communicator. ### Management The aim of good management is to provide services to the community in an appropriate, efficient, equitable, and sustainable manner. This can only be achieved if key resources for service provision, including human resources, finances, hardware and process aspects of care delivery are brought together at the point of service delivery and are carefully synchronized. ### Conflict Resolution ### Research and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in Healthcare #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the patient want? * What are they willing to do? #### Clinical Data/Knowledge * What does your experiencetell you? * What has been the experienceof your colleagues? #### Research Evidence * What does the research say? #### Levels of Evidence ###### *Diagram of evidence-based practice model* * **Reality** * **Start of Search (Ideal)** * **Quality of Evidence** * **Evidence Based Practice:** Guidelines, Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review, Critically Appraised Topics, Critically Appraised Individual Articles, Randomized Control Trials, Cohort Studies/Cross-Sectional Study, Case Controlled Studies, Case Reports, Reviews. * **Unfiltered Information:** Background Information/Expert Opinion. #### Review Articles * **Review Articles:** * Provide Overview of a field or subject * Synthesize Previous Research #### EBP Objective: * **Clinical Knowledge → Bedside** #### Filtered Information #### Useful when you need background information and additional references #### Systematic Review * Evidence based search and review of the literature on a topic by an established method. #### Meta-Analysis * A systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers) #### Primary Research Articles * Present new and original scientific findings * Explain research methodology and provide data #### Types of Research Articles #### Unfiltered #### Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT’s) * Studies that randomly assign individuals to an intervention group or to a control group, in order to measure the effects of the intervention #### Cause & Effect #### Cohort Studies * Study in which a particular outcome, such as death from a heart attack, is compared in groups of people who are alike in most ways but differ by a certain characteristic #### Case-Controlled Studies: * Study that compares patients who have adisease or outcome of interest (cases) with patients who do not have the disease Or outcome(controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. #### Recent evidences in healthcare management; interprofessional education and collaboration * The growing evidence that team-based care improves patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and health care utilization has led to a wealth of interprofessional curricula * The curriculum was implemented four times with a total of 180 interprofessional trainee participants. Students were first-year DNP, second-year pharmacy, first-year PA, second-year dental, and a combination of first- and second-year social work students. Only two PA students and six dental students ultimately participated because of unanticipated scheduling conflicts. Twenty-three faculty facilitators were trained. * Are profession to exist, and research is one means of achieving these requirements. The problems that must be solved in the modern era are complex, and solutions may not be available if one is working alone. ### Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration * The National Academies suggest that interprofessional or interdisciplinary collaboration may offer solutions when trying to solve multifaceted issues. * Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration occurs when researchers from more than 1 profession/discipline are "working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge. Reference: Coleman T., Mclean A., Williams L., Hasan K. Improvement in interprofessional student learning and patient outcomes., Journal Of Interprofessional Education & Practice Vol 8(28-33) * The National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education highlights several teaching programs in which students from different professions work together to deliver care.12 Examples of student programs specifically focused in ambulatory care include the Interprofessional Teaching Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center13 which blends practice experience with an interprofessional (including pharmacy, nursing, medicine, and mental health) education curriculum. ### Research I Evidence-Based Practice in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration #### EVIDENCE * A detailed study of a new subject, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. #### RESEARCH * The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. #### RESEARCH-BASED PRACTICE * Requires a practice setting that promotes the use of knowledge, access to current scientific knowledge, and the ability of the clinician to think critically about using the knowledge to positively affect patient outcomes. * **Data Sheet** #### EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE * Is the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions. ###### *Diagram of a process model for evidence based practice* #### Patient's Values and Circumstances #### Best Research Evidence #### EBP #### Clinical Expertise #### Information from the Practice Context #### Sources of Evidences * **Primary:** Original documents created or experienced concurrently with the event being researched. * First hand observations, contemporary accounts of the event. Viewpoint of the time. * Interviews, news footage, data sets, original research, speeches, diaries, letters, creative works, photographs. * **Secondary:** Works that analyze, assess, or interpret a historical event, an era, or a phenomenon. Generally uses primary sources. * Interpretation of information, usually written well after an event. Offers reviews or critiques. * Research studies, literary criticism, book reviews, biographies, textbooks. * **Tertiary:** Sources that identify, locate, and synthesize primary AND secondary sources * Reference works, collections of lists of primary and secondary sources, finding tools for sources. * Encyclopedias, bibliographies, dictionaries, manuals, textbooks, fact books. #### 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 1. Ask 2. Acquire 3. Appraise 4. Apply 5. Audit: Evaluate steps 1-4 and seek ways to improve next time. **Integral parts to Evidence-Based Practice**: * Integrate the evidence into your clinical decision making. #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the patient want? * What are they willing to do? #### Clinical Data/Knowledge * What does your experiencetell you? * What has been the experienceof your colleagues? #### Research Evidence * What does the research say? #### Levels of Evidence ###### *Diagram of evidence-based practice model* * **Reality** * **Start of Search (Ideal)** * **Quality of Evidence** * **Evidence Based Practice:** Guidelines, Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review, Critically Appraised Topics, Critically Appraised Individual Articles, Randomized Control Trials, Cohort Studies/Cross-Sectional Study, Case Controlled Studies, Case Reports, Reviews. * **Unfiltered Information:** Background Information/Expert Opinion. #### Review Articles * **Review Articles:** * Provide Overview of a field or subject * Synthesize Previous Research #### EBP Objective: * **Clinical Knowledge → Bedside** #### Filtered Information #### Useful when you need background information and additional references #### Systematic Review * Evidence based search and review of the literature on a topic by an established method. #### Meta-Analysis * A systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers) #### Primary Research Articles * Present new and original scientific findings * Explain research methodology and provide data #### Types of Research Articles #### Unfiltered #### Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT’s) * Studies that randomly assign individuals to an intervention group or to a control group, in order to measure the effects of the intervention #### Cause & Effect #### Cohort Studies * Study in which a particular outcome, such as death from a heart attack, is compared in groups of people who are alike in most ways but differ by a certain characteristic #### Case-Controlled Studies: * Study that compares patients who have adisease or outcome of interest (cases) with patients who do not have the disease Or outcome(controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. #### Recent evidences in healthcare management; interprofessional education and collaboration * The growing evidence that team-based care improves patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and health care utilization has led to a wealth of interprofessional curricula * The curriculum was implemented four times with a total of 180 interprofessional trainee participants. Students were first-year DNP, second-year pharmacy, first-year PA, second-year dental, and a combination of first- and second-year social work students. Only two PA students and six dental students ultimately participated because of unanticipated scheduling conflicts. Twenty-three faculty facilitators were trained. * Are profession to exist, and research is one means of achieving these requirements. The problems that must be solved in the modern era are complex, and solutions may not be available if one is working alone. ### Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration * The National Academies suggest that interprofessional or interdisciplinary collaboration may offer solutions when trying to solve multifaceted issues. * Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration occurs when researchers from more than 1 profession/discipline are "working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge. Reference: Coleman T., Mclean A., Williams L., Hasan K. Improvement in interprofessional student learning and patient outcomes., Journal Of Interprofessional Education & Practice Vol 8(28-33) * The National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education highlights several teaching programs in which students from different professions work together to deliver care.12 Examples of student programs specifically focused in ambulatory care include the Interprofessional Teaching Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center13 which blends practice experience with an interprofessional (including pharmacy, nursing, medicine, and mental health) education curriculum. ### Research I Evidence-Based Practice in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration #### EVIDENCE * A detailed study of a new subject, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. #### RESEARCH * The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. #### RESEARCH-BASED PRACTICE * Requires a practice setting that promotes the use of knowledge, access to current scientific knowledge, and the ability of the clinician to think critically about using the knowledge to positively affect patient outcomes. * **Data Sheet** #### EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE * Is the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions. ###### *Diagram of a process model for evidence based practice* #### Patient's Values and Circumstances #### Best Research Evidence #### EBP #### Clinical Expertise #### Information from the Practice Context #### Sources of Evidences * **Primary:** Original documents created or experienced concurrently with the event being researched. * First hand observations, contemporary accounts of the event. Viewpoint of the time. * Interviews, news footage, data sets, original research, speeches, diaries, letters, creative works, photographs. * **Secondary:** Works that analyze, assess, or interpret a historical event, an era, or a phenomenon. Generally uses primary sources. * Interpretation of information, usually written well after an event. Offers reviews or critiques. * Research studies, literary criticism, book reviews, biographies, textbooks. * **Tertiary:** Sources that identify, locate, and synthesize primary AND secondary sources * Reference works, collections of lists of primary and secondary sources, finding tools for sources. * Encyclopedias, bibliographies, dictionaries, manuals, textbooks, fact books. #### 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 1. Ask 2. Acquire 3. Appraise 4. Apply 5. Audit: Evaluate steps 1-4 and seek ways to improve next time. **Integral parts to Evidence-Based Practice**: * Integrate the evidence into your clinical decision making. #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the patient want? * What are they willing to do? #### Clinical Data/Knowledge * What does your experiencetell you? * What has been the experienceof your colleagues? #### Research Evidence * What does the research say? #### Levels of Evidence ###### *Diagram of evidence-based practice model* * **Reality** * **Start of Search (Ideal)** * **Quality of Evidence** * **Evidence Based Practice:** Guidelines, Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review, Critically Appraised Topics, Critically Appraised Individual Articles, Randomized Control Trials, Cohort Studies/Cross-Sectional Study, Case Controlled Studies, Case Reports, Reviews. * **Unfiltered Information:** Background Information/Expert Opinion. #### Review Articles * **Review Articles:** * Provide Overview of a field or subject * Synthesize Previous Research #### EBP Objective: * **Clinical Knowledge → Bedside** #### Filtered Information #### Useful when you need background information and additional references #### Systematic Review * Evidence based search and review of the literature on a topic by an established method. #### Meta-Analysis * A systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers) #### Primary Research Articles * Present new and original scientific findings * Explain research methodology and provide data #### Types of Research Articles #### Unfiltered #### Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT’s) * Studies that randomly assign individuals to an intervention group or to a control group, in order to measure the effects of the intervention #### Cause & Effect #### Cohort Studies * Study in which a particular outcome, such as death from a heart attack, is compared in groups of people who are alike in most ways but differ by a certain characteristic #### Case-Controlled Studies: * Study that compares patients who have adisease or outcome of interest (cases) with patients who do not have the disease Or outcome(controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. #### Recent evidences in healthcare management; interprofessional education and collaboration * The growing evidence that team-based care improves patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and health care utilization has led to a wealth of interprofessional curricula * The curriculum was implemented four times with a total of 180 interprofessional trainee participants. Students were first-year DNP, second-year pharmacy, first-year PA, second-year dental, and a combination of first- and second-year social work students. Only two PA students and six dental students ultimately participated because of unanticipated scheduling conflicts. Twenty-three faculty facilitators were trained. * Are profession to exist, and research is one means of achieving these requirements. The problems that must be solved in the modern era are complex, and solutions may not be available if one is working alone. ### Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration * The National Academies suggest that interprofessional or interdisciplinary collaboration may offer solutions when trying to solve multifaceted issues. * Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration occurs when researchers from more than 1 profession/discipline are "working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge. Reference: Coleman T., Mclean A., Williams L., Hasan K. Improvement in interprofessional student learning and patient outcomes., Journal Of Interprofessional Education & Practice Vol 8(28-33) * The National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education highlights several teaching programs in which students from different professions work together to deliver care.12 Examples of student programs specifically focused in ambulatory care include the Interprofessional Teaching Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center13 which blends practice experience with an interprofessional (including pharmacy, nursing, medicine, and mental health) education curriculum. ### Research I Evidence-Based Practice in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration #### EVIDENCE * A detailed study of a new subject, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. #### RESEARCH * The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. #### RESEARCH-BASED PRACTICE * Requires a practice setting that promotes the use of knowledge, access to current scientific knowledge, and the ability of the clinician to think critically about using the knowledge to positively affect patient outcomes. * **Data Sheet** #### EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE * Is the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions. ###### *Diagram of a process model for evidence based practice* #### Patient's Values and Circumstances #### Best Research Evidence #### EBP #### Clinical Expertise #### Information from the Practice Context #### Sources of Evidences * **Primary:** Original documents created or experienced concurrently with the event being researched. * First hand observations, contemporary accounts of the event. Viewpoint of the time. * Interviews, news footage, data sets, original research, speeches, diaries, letters, creative works, photographs. * **Secondary:** Works that analyze, assess, or interpret a historical event, an era, or a phenomenon. Generally uses primary sources. * Interpretation of information, usually written well after an event. Offers reviews or critiques. * Research studies, literary criticism, book reviews, biographies, textbooks. * **Tertiary:** Sources that identify, locate, and synthesize primary AND secondary sources * Reference works, collections of lists of primary and secondary sources, finding tools for sources. * Encyclopedias, bibliographies, dictionaries, manuals, textbooks, fact books. #### 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 1. Ask 2. Acquire 3. Appraise 4. Apply 5. Audit: Evaluate steps 1-4 and seek ways to improve next time. **Integral parts to Evidence-Based Practice**: * Integrate the evidence into your clinical decision making. #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the patient want? * What are they willing to do? #### Clinical Data/Knowledge * What does your experiencetell you? * What has been the experienceof your colleagues? #### Research Evidence * What does the research say? #### Levels of Evidence ###### *Diagram of evidence-based practice model* * **Reality** * **Start of Search (Ideal)** * **Quality of Evidence** * **Evidence Based Practice:** Guidelines, Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review, Critically Appraised Topics, Critically Appraised Individual Articles, Randomized Control Trials, Cohort Studies/Cross-Sectional Study, Case Controlled Studies, Case Reports, Reviews. * **Unfiltered Information:** Background Information/Expert Opinion. #### Review Articles * **Review Articles:** * Provide Overview of a field or subject * Synthesize Previous Research #### EBP Objective: * **Clinical Knowledge → Bedside** #### Filtered Information #### Useful when you need background information and additional references #### Systematic Review * Evidence based search and review of the literature on a topic by an established method. #### Meta-Analysis * A systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers) #### Primary Research Articles * Present new and original scientific findings * Explain research methodology and provide data #### Types of Research Articles #### Unfiltered #### Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT’s) * Studies that randomly assign individuals to an intervention group or to a control group, in order to measure the effects of the intervention #### Cause & Effect #### Cohort Studies * Study in which a particular outcome, such as death from a heart attack, is compared in groups of people who are alike in most ways but differ by a certain characteristic #### Case-Controlled Studies: * Study that compares patients who have adisease or outcome of interest (cases) with patients who do not have the disease Or outcome(controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. #### Recent evidences in healthcare management; interprofessional education and collaboration * The growing evidence that team-based care improves patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and health care utilization has led to a wealth of interprofessional curricula * The curriculum was implemented four times with a total of 180 interprofessional trainee participants. Students were first-year DNP, second-year pharmacy, first-year PA, second-year dental, and a combination of first- and second-year social work students. Only two PA students and six dental students ultimately participated because of unanticipated scheduling conflicts. Twenty-three faculty facilitators were trained. * Are profession to exist, and research is one means of achieving these requirements. The problems that must be solved in the modern era are complex, and solutions may not be available if one is working alone. ### Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration * The National Academies suggest that interprofessional or interdisciplinary collaboration may offer solutions when trying to solve multifaceted issues. * Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration occurs when researchers from more than 1 profession/discipline are "working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge. Reference: Coleman T., Mclean A., Williams L., Hasan K. Improvement in interprofessional student learning and patient outcomes., Journal Of Interprofessional Education & Practice Vol 8(28-33) * The National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education highlights several teaching programs in which students from different professions work together to deliver care.12 Examples of student programs specifically focused in ambulatory care include the Interprofessional Teaching Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center13 which blends practice experience with an interprofessional (including pharmacy, nursing, medicine, and mental health) education curriculum. ### Research I Evidence-Based Practice in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration #### EVIDENCE * A detailed study of a new subject, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. #### RESEARCH * The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. #### RESEARCH-BASED PRACTICE * Requires a practice setting that promotes the use of knowledge, access to current scientific knowledge, and the ability of the clinician to think critically about using the knowledge to positively affect patient outcomes. * **Data Sheet** #### EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE * Is the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions. ###### *Diagram of a process model for evidence based practice* #### Patient's Values and Circumstances #### Best Research Evidence #### EBP #### Clinical Expertise #### Information from the Practice Context #### Sources of Evidences * **Primary:** Original documents created or experienced concurrently with the event being researched. * First hand observations, contemporary accounts of the event. Viewpoint of the time. * Interviews, news footage, data sets, original research, speeches, diaries, letters, creative works, photographs. * **Secondary:** Works that analyze, assess, or interpret a historical event, an era, or a phenomenon. Generally uses primary sources. * Interpretation of information, usually written well after an event. Offers reviews or critiques. * Research studies, literary criticism, book reviews, biographies, textbooks. * **Tertiary:** Sources that identify, locate, and synthesize primary AND secondary sources * Reference works, collections of lists of primary and secondary sources, finding tools for sources. * Encyclopedias, bibliographies, dictionaries, manuals, textbooks, fact books. #### 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 1. Ask 2. Acquire 3. Appraise 4. Apply 5. Audit: Evaluate steps 1-4 and seek ways to improve next time. **Integral parts to Evidence-Based Practice**: * Integrate the evidence into your clinical decision making. #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the patient want? * What are they willing to do? #### Clinical Data/Knowledge * What does your experiencetell you? * What has been the experienceof your colleagues? #### Research Evidence * What does the research say? #### Levels of Evidence ###### *Diagram of evidence-based practice model* * **Reality** * **Start of Search (Ideal)** * **Quality of Evidence** * **Evidence Based Practice:** Guidelines, Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review, Critically Appraised Topics, Critically Appraised Individual Articles, Randomized Control Trials, Cohort Studies/Cross-Sectional Study, Case Controlled Studies, Case Reports, Reviews. * **Unfiltered Information:** Background Information/Expert Opinion. #### Review Articles * **Review Articles:** * Provide Overview of a field or subject * Synthesize Previous Research #### EBP Objective: * **Clinical Knowledge → Bedside** #### Filtered Information #### Useful when you need background information and additional references #### Systematic Review * Evidence based search and review of the literature on a topic by an established method. #### Meta-Analysis * A systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers) #### Primary Research Articles * Present new and original scientific findings * Explain research methodology and provide data #### Types of Research Articles #### Unfiltered #### Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT’s) * Studies that randomly assign individuals to an intervention group or to a control group, in order to measure the effects of the intervention #### Cause & Effect #### Cohort Studies * Study in which a particular outcome, such as death from a heart attack, is compared in groups of people who are alike in most ways but differ by a certain characteristic #### Case-Controlled Studies: * Study that compares patients who have adisease or outcome of interest (cases) with patients who do not have the disease Or outcome(controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. #### Recent evidences in healthcare management; interprofessional education and collaboration * The growing evidence that team-based care improves patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and health care utilization has led to a wealth of interprofessional curricula * The curriculum was implemented four times with a total of 180 interprofessional trainee participants. Students were first-year DNP, second-year pharmacy, first-year PA, second-year dental, and a combination of first- and second-year social work students. Only two PA students and six dental students ultimately participated because of unanticipated scheduling conflicts. Twenty-three faculty facilitators were trained. * Are profession to exist, and research is one means of achieving these requirements. The problems that must be solved in the modern era are complex, and solutions may not be available if one is working alone. ### Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration * The National Academies suggest that interprofessional or interdisciplinary collaboration may offer solutions when trying to solve multifaceted issues. * Interprofessional/interdisciplinary research collaboration occurs when researchers from more than 1 profession/discipline are "working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge. Reference: Coleman T., Mclean A., Williams L., Hasan K. Improvement in interprofessional student learning and patient outcomes., Journal Of Interprofessional Education & Practice Vol 8(28-33) * The National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education highlights several teaching programs in which students from different professions work together to deliver care.12 Examples of student programs specifically focused in ambulatory care include the Interprofessional Teaching Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center13 which blends practice experience with an interprofessional (including pharmacy, nursing, medicine, and mental health) education curriculum. ### Research I Evidence-Based Practice in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration #### EVIDENCE * A detailed study of a new subject, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. #### RESEARCH * The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. #### RESEARCH-BASED PRACTICE * Requires a practice setting that promotes the use of knowledge, access to current scientific knowledge, and the ability of the clinician to think critically about using the knowledge to positively affect patient outcomes. * **Data Sheet** #### EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE * Is the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions. ###### *Diagram of a process model for evidence based practice* #### Patient's Values and Circumstances #### Best Research Evidence #### EBP #### Clinical Expertise #### Information from the Practice Context #### Sources of Evidences * **Primary:** Original documents created or experienced concurrently with the event being researched. * First hand observations, contemporary accounts of the event. Viewpoint of the time. * Interviews, news footage, data sets, original research, speeches, diaries, letters, creative works, photographs. * **Secondary:** Works that analyze, assess, or interpret a historical event, an era, or a phenomenon. Generally uses primary sources. * Interpretation of information, usually written well after an event. Offers reviews or critiques. * Research studies, literary criticism, book reviews, biographies, textbooks. * **Tertiary:** Sources that identify, locate, and synthesize primary AND secondary sources * Reference works, collections of lists of primary and secondary sources, finding tools for sources. * Encyclopedias, bibliographies, dictionaries, manuals, textbooks, fact books. #### 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 1. Ask 2. Acquire 3. Appraise 4. Apply 5. Audit: Evaluate steps 1-4 and seek ways to improve next time. **Integral parts to Evidence-Based Practice**: * Integrate the evidence into your clinical decision making. #### Importance of Research Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us. * It is important because it explains why things happen in certain ways. * Research helps us solve our problems. Thru research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government's program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program. #### Evidence-Based Practice The integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and with patient needs. * Evidence-based practice provides a framework for a specific clinical way of life. It involves developing structures, methodologies, and clinical practice approaches #### Evidence-Based Practice * Patient Concerns * Clinical Experience * Best Practices * Clinical Data and Research #### Optimal Decision #### Patient Values/Preferences Or Expectations * What does the

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