IP Week 2 PDF - Philippine Christian University

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF TH...

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON (GRADE 11/ GRADE 12) QUARTER 2 – WEEK 9 (OCTOBER 7-11, 2024) LESSON 5: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON (CONTINUATION) I. OVERVIEW In the last few centuries, we have seen how the hunger for power turned into fierce competition over positions of dominations. As such, the domination over nature extended further to the systematic domination of fellow human beings. The atrocities in the recent century’s World Wars, and the continuing massive killings we read about today are a clear attestation to this. In this lesson, we learn that the possible answer to this question can be seen in humankind’s gross misunderstanding of the concept of human freedom. Freedom is largely interpreted as the capacity to do whatever one wants without hindrance and limitation. Freedom is misunderstood as doing anything I want. Genuine freedom, however, is one that is always coupled with responsibility. II. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO) By the end of this course, students are expected to achieve the following learning objectives: Reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view Acquire Critical and Analytical Thinking skills Apply their critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of daily life Apply truthfulness, environment-friendliness, and service-orientedness. Actively committed to the development of a more humane society Articulate their philosophy of life III. LESSON OBJECTIVES MELCs: Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices. PPT11/12-IIa-5.2 Realize that: a. Choices have consequences. b. Some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices.PPT11/12-IIb-5.3 Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of their choices PPT11/12-IIc-5.4 At the end of the session, learners are expected to: a. Explain the theory of Social Contract b. Make a comic strip that shows experience about morality that govern behavior in social settings. c. Appreciate the importance of morality in daily life Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  IV. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What is social contract? Why is it important to exercise social contract? How does morality govern behavior? Do human beings have free will? V. TEST YOURSELF Explain the quotation based on your personal thoughts. “Freedom makes a huge requirement of every human being. With freedom comes responsibility” ― Elanor Roosevelt* __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ VI. STUDY THESE TERMS 1.Social Contract- implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. 2. Existentialism- philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. 3. Behaviorism- theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings. 4. Freedom- power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint VII. LESSON PROPER Theory of Social Contract In political philosophy, a "social contract" is described as a real or hypothetical agreement between the governed and their rulers that specifies their rights and obligations. The theory posits that individuals initially lived in a state of nature, which could be characterized as either favorable or unfavorable, depending on the theory's interpretation. Using natural reason, individuals then created a society and government through this social contract (Britannica, 2024). A law of nature (lex naturalis) is a precept of general rule established by reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  “Morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior that rational people would accept, on the condition that others accept them as well. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract In The Social Contract, Rousseau famously opens with the statement, “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains.” This striking declaration sets the tone for Rousseau's exploration of how civil society restricts the inherent freedom of individuals. Rousseau's premise is that, despite the natural state of freedom humans are born into, societal structures and institutions impose various forms of constraints that inhibit this fundamental liberty. Rousseau argues that in the state of nature, humans are free and unbounded, living a life of natural liberty where they are guided by their instincts and basic needs. However, the formation of organized societies introduces rules, laws, and social norms that, while designed to bring order and security, also create limitations on individual freedom. These constraints, or "chains," are not physical but social and psychological, arising from the expectations and demands of living within a structured community. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common s/b/b7/Jean- Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg Social Contract is to determine whether there can be a legitimate political authority, since people’s interaction he saw at his time seemed to put them in a state far worse than the good one they were at in the state of nature, though living in isolation. Rousseau argues that it is absurd for a man to surrender his freedom for slavery; thus, the participants must have a right to choose the laws under which they live. Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should be divided into two parts: ⮚ First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, women included, that represents the general will and is the legislative power within the state. ⮚ The second division is that of the government, being distinct from the sovereign. In his book the Social Contract, the state owes its origin to a social contract freely entered into by its members. https://www.scribd.com/document/356139089/ Freedom-as-Human-Person-1- jvdxbfbjvxkjbdfxvjbjkbx Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), an influential English philosopher, is renowned for his development of Social Contract Theory. His exploration of political philosophy offers a profound insight into the nature of human society and government. Hobbes theorized that in the earliest stages of human history, individuals existed in a “state of nature”—a condition characterized by complete freedom and the absence of government or superior authority. What people could take by force was theirs – there was no protective authority. To overcome the inherent chaos and insecurity of the state of nature, Hobbes proposed that individuals entered into a Social Contract. This agreement required the surrender of certain freedoms in exchange for the protection and provided by a governing authority. https://thegreatthinkers.org/hobbes/wp- According to Hobbes, the state was created by the people to content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/Hobbesi ntro.jpg safeguard their interests and maintain peace—an idea encapsulated in the principle of popular sovereignty. Hobbes believed that the best form of government to ensure stability and security was an absolute monarchy. In his view, a powerful, centralized authority was necessary to maintain order and prevent the return to the disorderly state of nature. This perspective stood in contrast to that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, another prominent figure in Social Contract Theory. While Hobbes saw absolute monarchy as the ideal government, Rousseau’s interpretation of the Social Contract diverged significantly. Rousseau argued for a form of absolute democracy and emphasized individualism. He envisioned a political system where sovereignty resided with the people, and individuals retained a significant degree of personal freedom. Rousseau's perspective championed direct participation in governance and the collective will of the community. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre, born on June 21, 1905, in Paris, France, and passing away on April 15, 1980, was a prominent French novelist, playwright, and leading exponent of Existentialism. Sartre's philosophical contributions and literary achievements have had an eternal influence on modern thought, particularly through his advocacy of existentialist philosophy. In addition to his philosophical work, Sartre made significant contributions through his novels and plays, which explore themes of freedom, alienation, and the human condition. https://la-philosophie.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/10/sartre1.jpg Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  Sartre’s Principle of Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialist philosophy is based on the idea that "the person is nothing else but what he makes of himself." This radical assertion that emphaizes Sartre’s belief in the profound power and responsibility inherent in human freedom. According to Sartre, human is defined by their acts and choices rather than by external traits or a given nature. This perspective places the responsibility of giving meaning to one’s life squarely on the shoulders of the individual, highlighting the supreme opportunity that freedom provides. In Sartre’s view, freedom is the very core of authentic existence. It is through the exercise of freedom that individuals can shape their lives and create their own essence. "The person is what one has done and is doing" reflects the idea that one's identity is continually constructed through choices and actions. This ongoing process of self-definition underscores the importance of personal responsibility and the active role one plays in forming their own existence. Sartre also critiques the concept of “bad faith,” which describes a person’s attempt to escape their obligations and responsibilities. According to Sartre, such individuals are acting dishonestly by denying their freedom and the burden of choice. Bad faith involves relinquishing one’s autonomy by attributing one’s actions or beliefs to external forces or circumstances, thus avoiding the weight of personal responsibility. Despite the influence of others on our desires, beliefs, and decisions, Sartre emphasizes the importance of maintaining free individual choice. He argues that to be human and conscious is to embrace the freedom to imagine, choose, and bear responsibility for one’s actions. This focus on individual agency and accountability underscores Sartre’s existentialist conviction that genuine freedom involves not only the power to choose but also the acceptance of the consequences of those choices. B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his Influence on the field of behaviorism. His contributions to psychology, particularly through his development of "radical behaviorism," have significantly shaped our understanding of human behavior. Skinner's theories challenge conventional notions of free will and offer an alternative perspective on how human actions are determined. Skinner’s radical behaviorism posits that the concept of free will is merely an illusion. According to Skinner, human behavior is not governed by independent judgement but is instead the direct result of conditioning. This https://dandradebehaviorism.weebly. view stands in significantly contrast to the idea that individuals have inherent com/uploads/1/3/6/8/13688394/5533 460.jpg?237 free will to choose their actions independent of external influences. For Skinner, all actions are a consequence of prior conditioning—both environmental and social. Skinner’s approach is based on the concept of operant conditioning, which includes modifying behavior using rewards and punishments. He argued that behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, where actions followed by positive outcomes are reinforced, and those followed by negative outcomes are discouraged. This framework can be simplified into a basic principle: perform actions that are rewarded and avoid those that are punished. Thus, behavior is molded not by internal deliberations but by external factors. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  In Skinner’s view, the notion of personal agency or free will is overshadowed by the empirical reality of conditioning. He believed that understanding and manipulating the conditions that lead to certain behaviors could effectively guide and modify human actions. This perspective shifts the focus from internal cognitive processes to external behavioral influences, emphasizing the role of environmental factors in shaping human conduct. VIII. SUMMARY The social contract is a foundational concept in political philosophy, representing an agreement among individuals to form a society where they occasionally sacrifice certain freedoms for the greater good or for the benefit of the society. This collective agreement allows for the creation of organized social structures and norms that benefit everyone. With this, individuals are accountable for shaping their lives through their choices, reflecting the belief that we define ourselves and our place in society through the decisions we make. IX. ACTIVITY PERFORMANCE TASK #1: COMIC STRIP DIRECTION: Form a group consisting of 3 members. Work collaboratively to create a comic strip showing experience about morality that govern behavior in social settings. RUBRIC NEEDS EXCELLENT SATISFACTORY CRITERIA IMPROVEMENT (5 PTS) (4 PTS) (3 PTS) Exhibits comprehensive Demonstrates a general Shows limited Understanding of understanding and understanding of the subject understanding of the Subject Matter application of the subject matter. subject matter. matter. Consistently uses critical Sometimes uses critical Rarely uses critical thinking Critical Thinking and thinking skills with thorough thinking skills with average skills and makes poor Problem-Solving analysis and evaluation. analysis and evaluation. analysis or evaluation. Shows a high level of Creativity and Shows some originality and Demonstrates little to no originality and creativity in Innovation creativity. originality and creativity. approach. Ideas are clear, well- Ideas are clear but lack Ideas are unclear and poorly Clarity and Coherence organized, and coherent. coherence. organized. Actively participates and Participates and shows Shows minimal effort and Effort and Participation shows high effort. adequate effort. participation. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  Demonstrates advanced Demonstrates limited Demonstrates adequate Subject-Specific Skills technical skills and technical skills in the technical skills in the subject. application in the subject. subject. LEARNING RESOURCES A. Books Ramos, C. C. (2022). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Rex Bookstore B. Online Tearle, O. (n.d.) ‘Man is Born Free, and Everywhere He is in Chain’: Meaning and Origin. Interesting Literature. https://interestingliterature.com/2023/06/man-is-born-free-everywhere-he-is-in-chains-meaning-origin/ Thomas Hobbes.(2021) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/ [Photo of B. F. Skinner]. (n.d.). https://dandradebehaviorism.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/6/8/13688394/5533460.jpg?23 [Photo of Jean Jacques Rousseau]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Jean- Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg [Photo of Jean Paul Sartre]. (n.d.). https://la-philosophie.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sartre1.jpg [Photo of Thomas Hobbes]. (n.d.). https://thegreatthinkers.org/hobbes/wp- content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/Hobbesintro.jpg Britannica. (n.d.). Social contract. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-contract Cherry, K. (2024). B. F. Skinner’s Life, Theories, and Influence on Psychology. Very Well Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/b-f-skinner-biography-1904-1990-2795543 Freedom As Human Person (n.d.). https://www.scribd.com/document/356139089/Freedom-as-Human- Person-1-jvdxbfbjvxkjbdfxvjbjkbx Great thinkers Thomas Hobbes. (n.d.). https://thegreatthinkers.org/hobbes/introduction/ https://dandradebehaviorism.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/6/8/13688394/5533460.jpg?237 Mittal, T. (2017) To be is to be: Jean Paul Sartre on Existentialism and Freedom. Your Story. https://yourstory.com/2017/06/jean-paul-sartre-philosophy-existentialism-freedom Rachels, p. 14 csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/sct.htm SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS/MATERIALS Language and Ideas. (2023, November 9). Freedom of the human person [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsm53i5HdDU Titser Damz. (2022, November 15). FREEDOM explained in Tagalog - Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - SHS [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z3yGCTCLFA Freedom of the Human Person | 700003722. (n.d.). Franz Steiner Verlag. https://www.steiner- verlag.de/en/Freedom-of-the-Human-Person/9783830537229 Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.  SIGNATORIES Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by: Ronald Mark B. Barredo, LPT Saldeo B. Picache, MAEd, LPT, CSPE Maria Beatriz B. Sico, MM Kristina A, Leonidas, LPT Subject Lead Teacher - Social Science 11 Principal Jeanimar S. Pinza, LPT Mary Rose A. Cabodil, LPT Jeanimar S. Pinza, LPT Majarmi Ella V. Javier Subject Lead Teacher - Social Science 12 Carlo V. Aquino, LPT April Kae Magaoay Anna Marie D. Aberia Charlene B. Bayot, LPT Subject Teacher/s Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.