DNA to Protein Synthesis - Investor Pitch Deck PDF

1 DNA to protein synthesis DNA to Protein Synthesis with Kartik Confidential Copyright © Replication Replication occurs in the Nucleus, the process results in a new strand of DNA. First the DNA is unzipped, then nucleotide bases are added to the unzipped halves of the DNA s...

1 DNA to protein synthesis DNA to Protein Synthesis with Kartik Confidential Copyright © Replication Replication occurs in the Nucleus, the process results in a new strand of DNA. First the DNA is unzipped, then nucleotide bases are added to the unzipped halves of the DNA strand.When nucleotide bases are being added thymine always goes to adenine and cytosine goes to guanine. This results in 1 DNA strand turning into 2 identical DNA strands Common Misconceptions: DNA replication is not the same as cell division DNA Structure The structure of DNA resembles a twisted ladder. The rungs on the ladder are the nucleotide bases thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine. The sides of the ladder are the sugar phosphate backbones. Common misconceptions: thymine is always nucleotide bases. Unidirectional The process where DNA is replicated in one direction only. Transcription Transcription occurs in the nucleus. During transcription, DNA is unzipped and nucleotides pair up with the halves of the DNA. During this process instead of adding thymine, it is replaced by uracil. This process creates mRNA. mRNA is the instructions for making proteins. To make proteins mRNA is divided into groups of 3 nucleotides that result in different amino acids being made. These are called codons. For example the nucleotide bases GAU would result in the amino acid asparagine being made. RNA structure RNA’s structure resembles DNA, however RNA is half of DNA. All of the thymine in RNA is replaced by uracil. Uracil replaces thymine and goes with adenine. Types of RNA There are 3 types of RNA mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA acts as a template for making proteins. tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes to be added to the proteins. rRNA assembles the protein using the amino acids brought by tRNA. Translation Translation occurs on the ribosomes which are located in the cell’s cytoplasm. Translation makes matches the codons of the mRNA in the ribosome. Once there is a stop codon, the instructions is finished. Thuis results in a new protein being made. How you would interpret the codons would depend on the 3 nucleotide bases, which would match up with the corresponding amino acid. Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides, which are in proteins. Gene mutation, Not all genes are expressed at all time and control hope much they use. Also, Transferring Dna into protein. Gene mutation effects one gene and some types are substitutions of one and insteration sifts one right and Common Misconceptions: Not deletion sifts one left. all mutations are harmful Types of mutations Point mutation affects one nucleotide. Frameshift mutation affects more than one nucleotide. Missone causes a amino acid to change and make a different protein. A missense mutation that causes the sequence to stop early. An silent mutation has no effect. Chromosomal mutation Chromosomal mutation affects a lot more genes. Some types of chromosomal mutation is Deletion causes a segment of dna to disappear. Inversion is when 2 segments of the chromosome switches. Duplication is when part of the segment repeats themselves. Translocation is when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Causes of mutation Some causes of mutations are UV radiation which is high sun exposure that can lead to problems with genes that regulate cell division and cancer. Another cause is chemicals like nitrous acid, etc. Misconception: That there is only 2 causes of mutations.