Introduction to Nursing PDF

Learning Objectives After completing this lecture, the students will be able to: Introduction to Nursing Identify the essential aspects of nursing....

Learning Objectives After completing this lecture, the students will be able to: Introduction to Nursing Identify the essential aspects of nursing. Define Nursing Presented by : Describe the scope of nursing, Uztaza: Khozima Mohammed abd ala Elneeleen University Identify the roles of nurses Describe the nursing activities Cont… Introduction Discuss the criteria of a profession and Nursing has a significant effect on people's professionalization of nursing. lives. Identify factors affecting Contemporary As rapid change continues to transform the Nursing Practice profession of nursing and health care system. Today, nurses bring knowledge, leadership, spirit, and vital expertise to expanding roles that afford increased participation, responsibility, and rewards.  Definitions of Nursing According to the American Nurses Association In 1980, the (ANA) changed this definition (ANA) (1995), nursing is defined as: of nursing to this "Nursing is the diagnosis “the diagnosis and treatment of human and treatment of human responses to actual responses to actual or potential health or potential health problems". problems”. Cont….. Cont….. This definition places nursing’s focus on the The Canadian Nurses Association (1986), individual experiencing : similarly, describes nursing as : a health problem rather than on the problem a caring relationship that helps the client (or disease) itself—that is, on caring for clients achieve and/or maintain an optimal level of as they deal with health issues. health. Certain themes are common to many of these definitions Nursing is caring. Nursing is holistic. Nursing is an art. Nursing is adaptive. Nursing is a science. Nursing is concerned with health promotion, Nursing is client centered health maintenance, and health restoration. Nursing is a helping profession. Recipients Of Nursing Cont… The Recipients of Nursing are sometimes A consumer is an individual, a group of called consumers, sometimes patients, and people, or a community that uses a service sometimes clients. or community. People who use health care products or services are consumers of health care.  A patient is a person who is waiting for or A client is a person who engages the advice or undergoing medical treatment and care. services of another who is qualified to provide The word patient comes from a Latin word this service. The term client presents the meaning "to suffer" or "to bear". receivers of health care as collaborators in the Traditionally, the person receiving health care, that is, as people who are also care has been called a patient. responsible for their own health. Scope Of Nursing the term patient will be used throughout, Nurses provide care for three types of clients: but with the understanding that either term is individuals, families, and communities. acceptable. Nursing practice involves four areas: promoting health and wellness, preventing illness, restoring health, and care of the dying.  Promoting Health and Wellness Wellness is a state of well-being. It means Nurses promote wellness in clients who are engaging in attitudes and behavior that both healthy and ill. This may involve enhance the quality of life and maximize individual and community activities to personal potential. enhance healthy lifestyles, Preventing Illness such as improving nutrition and physical The goal of illness preventing programs is to fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, maintain optimal health by preventing restricting smoking, and preventing disease. Nursing activities that prevent accidents and injury in the home and illness include immunizations, prenatal and workplace. infant care, and prevention of sexually transmitted disease.  Restoring Health Nursing Activities focuses on the ill client and it extends from Include the following; early detection of disease through helping the Providing direct care to the ill person, such as client during the recovery period. administering medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments. Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures, such as measuring blood pressure and examining feces for occult blood. Consulting with other health care Care of the Dying professionals about client problems. This area of nursing practice involves Teaching clients about recovery activities, comforting and caring for people of all ages such as exercises that will accelerate recovery who are dying. it includes helping clients live after a stroke. as comfortably as possible until death and Rehabilitating clients to their optimal helping support person cope with death. functional level following physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction.  Settings for Nursing In the past, the acute care hospital was the Nurses have different degree of nursing main practice setting open to most nurses. autonomy and nursing responsibility in the Today many nurses work in hospitals, but various settings. They may provide direct care, increasingly they work in clients homes, teach clients and support persons, serve as community agencies, ambulatory clinics, nursing advocates and agents of change, and long-term care, health maintenance help determine health policies affecting organization (HMOs), and nursing practice consumers in the community and in hospitals. centers. Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice Provide direction for professional nursing Establishing and implementing standards of practice. practice are major functions of a professional Provide a framework for the evaluation of organization. nursing practice. The standards: Define the profession's accountability to the Reflect the values and priorities of the nursing public and client outcomes for which nurses profession. are responsible.  (ANA) Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice: Planning: the nurse develops a plan of care Assessment: the nurse collects patient health that prescribes interventions to attain data. expected outcomes. Diagnosis: the nurse analyzes the assessment Implementation: the nurse implements the data in determining diagnoses. interventions identified in the plan of care. Outcome identification: The nurse identifies Evaluation: the nurse evaluates the patients expected outcomes individualized to the progress toward attainment of outcomes. patient. Roles and Functions of the Nurse Communicator Communication: is integral to all nursing Caregiver : encompasses the physical, roles. Nurses communicate with the client, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and support persons, other health professionals, spiritual levels. The nursing process provides and people in the community. nurses with a framework for providing care. a nurse may provide care directly or delegate it to other caregivers.  Teacher Client advocate As a teacher, the nurse helps clients A client advocate acts to protect the client. In learn about their health and the health care this role the nurse may represent the client's procedures they need to perform to restore or needs and wishes to other health professionals, maintain their health. such as relaying the client's wishes for information to the physician. They also assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves. Counselor Change agent Counseling is the process of helping a The nurse acts as a change agent when client to recognize and cope with stressful assisting others, that is, clients, to make psychological or social problems, to develop modifications in their own behavior. Nurses improved interpersonal relationships, and to also often act to make changes in a system, promote personal growth. It involves providing such as clinical care, if it is not helping a client emotional, intellectual, and psychological return to health. Nurses are continually dealing support. with change in the health care system.  Leader Manager A leader influences others to work together to The nurse manages the nursing care of accomplish a specific goal. The leader role can individuals, families, and communities. The be employed at different levels: individual nurse manager also delegates nursing activities client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or to other nurses, and supervises and evaluates the community. their performance. Research consumer Expanded career roles Nurses often use research to improve client such as those of nurse practitioner, clinical care. In a clinical area, nurses need to: nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse Awareness of the process and language of educator, nurse researcher, and nurse research. anesthetist, all of which allow greater Be sensitive to rights of human subjects. independence and autonomy. Identification of significant researchable problems. Be a discriminating consumer of research findings.  Criteria of a profession Profession defined as an occupation that A profession is generally distinguished from requires extensive education or calling that other kinds of occupations by: requires special knowledge, skill, and a. Its requirement of prolonged, specialized preparation. training. b. An orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization. c. Ongoing research Two terms related to profession need to be d. Code of ethics. differentiated e. Autonomy. Professionalism: Refers to professional f. Professional organization character, spirit, or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment.  Factors affecting Contemporary Nursing Practice: Professionalization: Is the process of becoming professional, that *Economics is, of acquiring characteristics considered to Consumer Demands: be professional. Consumers of nursing services have become an increasingly effective force in changing nursing practice. Consumers also have become more aware of others needs for care. Family structure: Science and Technology: New family structures are influencing the need Advance in science and technology affect for and provision of nursing services. More nursing practice. For example, people with people are living away from the extended acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are receiving new drug therapies to prolong family and the nuclear family, and the family life and delay the onset of AIDS- associated breadwinner is no longer necessarily the diseases. Nurses must be knowledgeable about husband. the action of such drugs and the needs of clients receiving them.  Information and Telecommunications: Legislation :about nursing practice and health The information Internet has already impacted matters affects both the public and nursing. health care, with more and more clients Changes in legislation relating health also becoming well informed about their health affect nursing. requires that every competent concerns. adult be informed in writing on admission to a health care institution about his or her rights to accept or refuse medical care and to use advance directives. Demography: is the study of population, including statistics about distribution by age and place of residence, mortality (death) and morbidity (incidence of disease). 11/13/2024