Intro To Optometry PDF

Origin of eyeglasses 1000 A.D. - The earliest technology of magnification of images Reading Stones - The first visual aid instruments - reading stones were developed to help monks in reading and writing. Alessandro Della Spina - A Dominican monk, who could reproduce any object he had seen with...

Origin of eyeglasses 1000 A.D. - The earliest technology of magnification of images Reading Stones - The first visual aid instruments - reading stones were developed to help monks in reading and writing. Alessandro Della Spina - A Dominican monk, who could reproduce any object he had seen with his own eyes, said "lenses" will prove [one day] to be a most useful instrument for old persons and all those having weak eyes, as they can see in this manner the small letters..." 1285-1289 - generally believed that medieval craftsmen and monks in Pisa, Italy produced first form of eyeglasses. Bone, metal, or leather frames - connected to form an inverted "V" shape that could be balanced on the nose. wisdom, magic and even sanctity - The eyeglasses became a symbol of. 1268 in Pisa, Italy - The first spectacles with its frame and sidebars were probably made Frescoes by Tomasso da Modena,1352 - probably the earliest ones, depicting monks reading and copying manuscripts using magnifying glasses that were perched on the nose. 1271, Marco Polo - he saw older people wearing eyeglasses for reading. The Chinese knew the spectacles for a long time. 1071 - Chinese historians say that eyeglasses came to China from Arabia. - according to the Chinese beliefs, the lenses were said to contain a spirit that was believed to help wearer's vision and increase importance of a person wearing them. Abbas Ibn Firmas, 9th Century - developed a way to produce very clear glass and he is said to be the first to use corrective lenses. 1400s, Florence, Italy - became a leader in sale, production and innovation of quality eyeglasses. - Prescriptions were changed every five years as the glass user aged. 1604 Johannes Kepler - being named the father of modern optics, in particular for his Astronomiae pars optica. - He also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope, while also improving on the telescope design by Galileo Galilei.  - Kepler is a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion 17th century, Germany - became a major player in the history of eyeglasses as it started producing some of the finest looking frames for eyeglasses, while Italy continued to produce the best quality lens. quartz lenses - The earliest spectacles were made from 1730, Edward Scarlett - The modern style of glasses was developed. 1784, Benjamin Franklin - The American scientist, who suffered from both myopia and Presbyopia; developed the bifocal lens. 18th Century, Lorgnette - a pair of glasses with a handle, was developed. - the monocle was introduced and was very popular in the 19th century particularly in Germany and Russia. 1825, George Airy - The British astronomer, developed the first lenses for correcting astigmatism. - 1827 made the first successful attempt to correct astigmatism in the human eye (his own) by use of a cylindrical eyeglass lens. 1851 Hermann Von Helmholtz - most valuable inventions were the ophthalmoscope and the ophthalmometer (or Keratometer). - discovered that he could focus the light reflected from the retina to produce a sharp image of the tissue. The ophthalmoscope remains one of the most important instruments of the physician, who can use it to examine retinal blood vessels, from which clues to high blood pressure and to arterial disease may be observed. 1847 Charles Babbage - An English-Mathematician developed an instrument that closely resembled the ophthalmoscope. 1862 Herman Snellen – created the Snellen Eye Chart Snellen Chart - is used to help diagnose patients' vision and determine their best lens prescription. 1865 J.W. Verschoor - a Dutch Scholar, He coined the word OPTOMETRY. From his study of Optometers, soon became optometry. 1872 – First optometry school was established - Chicago College of Ophthalmology and Otology  - Illinois College of Optometry (Later) 1892 Charles Prentice - Father of Optometry - wrote a clearly illustrated 48-page paper entitled "Ophthalmic Lenses.” This was published as a book in 1886 by James Prentice and Son. - Prentice claimed that between the years 1866 and 1888, after the publication of Donders' book, oculists began to surreptitiously invade the province of the optician. 1898 – Optical Societies was organized/AOA. 1827, John Herschel - English astronomer, proposed the idea of making a mold of a person's eyes. - Some reports say German glassblower F.A. Muller used Herschel's ideas to create the first known glass contact lens in 1887. - Other reports say Swiss physician Adolf E. Fick and Paris optician Edouard Kalt created and fitted the first glass contact lenses to correct vision problems in 1888. Sclera – White of the eye 1936 William Feinbloom - New York optometrist, introduced scleral lenses made of a combination of glass and plastic that were significantly lighter than older glass-blown contacts. 1948 Kevin Tuohy – California Optician, introduced the first contact lenses that resembled modern gas permeable (GP) contact lenses of today. These all-plastic lenses were called "corneal" contact lenses because they were smaller in diameter than previous contact lenses and covered only the clear front surface of the eye (the cornea). 1901 - Minnesota, lawfully recognizes optometry 1938 - Theo Obrig and John Mullen - 1st plastic contact lens 1951 - National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBO) was established 1971 - Rhode Island Approves DPAS in Optometry 1989 - All States DPAS 1998 - Use of Lasers approved in Oklahoma 20th century - both in America and Europe eyeglasses were produced to be functional, comfortable, and stylish. 2000 B.C. Ebers papyrus - named after George Ebers, a German professor. In the late 1800s he obtained the 20-meter papyrus, which dates from approximately 1550 B.C. Edwin Smith papyrus - The other well-known one, dating from approximately 1600 B.C. Chronic trachoma - was most likely a serious disease of the period 2000 B.C. - Eye blurriness in both acute and chronic forms is mentioned in the Ebers papyrus. The condition was treated with oily or fatty ointments, which contained myrrh, resin, malachite, yellow ocher, and red natron. Leukoma - a white spot of the cornea was treated with a variety of animal galls, specifically that of the tortoise. Chalazion - or little grain, was treated with ointments. Pterygium and cataracts - also were mentioned in both of these scrolls but there was no indication that surgery was ever considered in either of these disorders. Trichiasis - Bending of the hairs of the lid Ectropion - eversion of the flesh - involved pulling the hairs out of the lid margin when they became too long and injured the eye. Milk, blood, urine, and animal excrements were also part of the ancient Egyptian pharmacopoeia. Blindness was also depicted in Egyptian paintings and on monuments. It is well-known that blind musicians were admitted to the harems of kings and nobles. One of the most famous paintings of the blind from 1500 B.C. is that of a blind harpist with seven blind choral singers sitting behind him.