Introduction to Professional Ethics PDF

Introduction to Professional Ethics Onur Turan, Lecturer, PT, PhD(c). Basic Concepts and Theories in Ethics Introduction to Basic Concepts for Professional Ethics Learning Outcomes; 1. Defines the concept of ethics. 2. Explains different ethical theories. Ethic The origin of the word «Ethic...

Introduction to Professional Ethics Onur Turan, Lecturer, PT, PhD(c). Basic Concepts and Theories in Ethics Introduction to Basic Concepts for Professional Ethics Learning Outcomes; 1. Defines the concept of ethics. 2. Explains different ethical theories. Ethic The origin of the word «Ethics» is based on the Greek word “ethos”, which indicates quite different meanings. It includes; The main place and homeland of a person The house where an individual resides The hometown, The habits, accumulations from the past, known styles of human behavior, customs, and traditions. Ethics Ethos = custom, habit, character Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do. In terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues Core of every day life Definition of Ethics Ethics refers to the principles that govern the behavior of individuals and groups, guiding what is considered right and wrong. Professional ethics specifically relate to the moral obligations and conduct expected of individuals within a particular profession. Ethic Ethics, which comes from the word “ethos”, can also be simplified as moral theory or theoretical ethics. Ethics, which has been dealing with whether there is universal good and universal truth since ancient times and whether these can be achieved, investigates what the concepts of good and right are. Ethic Aristotle, considered ethics as a field of philosophy on its own by separating it from the theoretical philosophy of logic, mathematics, and metaphysics. The first philosopher who used ethics closest to its current meaning was Socrates. Ethic Looking at the purpose of ethics, a series of sub-objectives are revealed; To explain human practice in terms of its moral character, Developing a critical awareness, Creating an ethical argumentation style and justification processes for criticism, To show that moral action does not depend on man's whim, on the contrary, it is an indispensable quality of his existence as a human being, (Is it so?) Teaching to love people. Definition of Morals Morals are the principles or standards of behavior that individuals or groups use to judge what is right and wrong. These principles are often shaped by cultural, religious, and personal influences, and they guide how people make decisions and behave in various situations. Morals are inherently subjective and can vary significantly from person to person, depending on their upbringing, experiences, and beliefs. In essence, morals represent an individual's internal compass for ethical conduct, reflecting their sense of duty, virtue, and what they believe to be just and good. Morality Morality; It is a set of unwritten rules that determine the behavior that is considered good or bad in a society. The word morality is of Latin origin (morale) and is related to the behaviors that people describe as right and wrong, positive and negative, good and bad.  Morality; It is a set of rules and norms that ensure social order through the behaviors that people are asked Morality to do in their relations with each other or with the state, that is, it is a social phenomenon. Morality In order to maintain order in a society, people must behave in accordance with certain rules. Some of these rules are moral rules. Customs, traditions, customs, and traditions form a part of morality. Moral rules are more flexible and can change more easily in the face of changing social conditions. Ethics and Morals Ethic; It constitutes the conceptual dimension of moral philosophy and the theoretical part of morality and is used to think about morality within a philosophical framework. Thus, it investigates what is good and what is bad, what is right and wrong, what the purpose of human life should be, what the content of a moral and virtuous life consists of, By analyzing moral concepts, it focuses on issues such as what good and right mean, what elements make an action good or wrong. Morality Ethics Ethics and Morals Ethics, which is a theory oriented towards practical intentions and goals, is one of the most basic and classical fields of practical philosophy, covering political and legal philosophy. Ethics is a theory of moral action, but this theory is developed primarily in the name of action, not in the name of knowledge. For this reason, ethics is not a mental study prepared for the purpose of theory building and to provide intellectual satisfaction, but the relationship of thought and action. Ethics vs Morals Ethics Morals Definition Ethics refers to a set of rules, principles, or guidelines that are often Morals refer to personal beliefs, values, and codified and adopted by a particular group, profession, or society to principles regarding what is right and wrong. govern behavior. It is more structured and formalized. They are more individual and subjective, shaped by personal experiences, culture, religion, and upbringing. Source Ethics is typically derived from external sources such as professional Morals are derived from an individual’s codes, legal standards, or societal norms. internal sense of right and wrong, influenced by personal and cultural factors. Application Ethics is often applied in specific contexts, such as professional ethics in a Morals guide an individual's decisions and workplace, business ethics in a corporate setting, or medical ethics in actions in everyday life, often without the healthcare. formal structure found in ethics. Focus Ethics tends to focus on what is considered right or wrong within a Morals are concerned with personal particular social framework or community. It often involves collective character and behavior, reflecting an agreements about acceptable behavior. individual’s internal compass of right and wrong. Key Differences between Ethics and Morals Scope Ethics is more public and structured, often associated with professions, societies, or institutions. Morals are more personal and internal, guiding individual behavior. Source of Authority Ethics often comes from external sources (laws, professional codes), while morals are based on personal beliefs. Flexibility Ethical standards can vary depending on the context (e.g., business ethics vs. medical ethics), whereas morals are more consistent within an individual, though they can evolve over time. Ethics Perspective There are three main bases for ethical evaluation of an action. The first of these is understanding the person's attitude and action, seeing why, and thus defining the action correctly. Second stage; It is the realization of one's character, that is, its value, in terms of other action possibilities within the conditions in which one acts. The knowledge of the value of the action obtained through these two stages and the establishment of its relationship with the value of the human being constitutes the third stage of ethical evaluation.  Establishing this interest determines the value or Ethical worthlessness or rightness or wrongness of that action. Perspective Thus, the value of an action emerges as the meaning of that action for a person. Professional Ethics?? → Profession Based on systematic knowledge and skills gained through a certain education, Producing goods that are useful to people, To provide services and earn money in return, It is defined as a job with defined rules. Profession Every profession has organizations that ensure the values, development, licensing and recognition of that profession by other people. There are thousands of professions in the world. There are around 600 officially defined professions in Turkey. Profession A profession is a type of occupation that requires specialized education, training, and expertise. It is characterized by a formal body of knowledge, a set of skills, and often a commitment to ethical standards and public service. Professionals typically adhere to a code of conduct or ethics that governs their behavior and ensures accountability to the public or society at large. Key Characteristics of a Profession include: Autonomy: Professionals have the Ethical Standards: Members of a Specialized Knowledge: Requires authority and independence to make profession are often bound by a extensive education and training in a decisions within their area of code of ethics that dictates their particular field. expertise. responsibilities and conduct. Service Orientation: Professions are Formal Recognition: Professions are In summary, a profession is more generally oriented towards providing often recognized and regulated by than just a job; it involves a a public or societal good, whether in professional bodies or organizations commitment to lifelong learning, healthcare, law, education, or other that set standards for practice and ethical practice, and service to fields. credentialing. others.  Physical Therapy Profession The physical therapy profession is a healthcare discipline focused on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of movement disorders and physical impairments. Physical therapists (PTs) work to improve or restore mobility, function, and quality of life for individuals across the lifespan who are affected by injury, illness, disability, or aging. Key Aspects of the Physical Therapy Profession Education and Training: Physical therapists are highly Their education includes extensive coursework in trained professionals who typically hold a Doctor of anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and therapeutic Physical Therapy (DPT) degree or equivalent. interventions, as well as clinical experience. Scope of Practice Developing and PTs provide a wide Conducting physical implementing range of services, exams and evaluations. individualized including: treatment plans. Using therapeutic Educating patients on Collaborating with exercises, manual injury prevention, other healthcare therapy, and modalities wellness, and healthy providers to ensure like heat, cold, and lifestyle choices. comprehensive care. electrical stimulation.  Physical therapy is highly focused on personalized care, where Patient-Centered Care: treatment plans are tailored to the specific needs, goals, and abilities of each patient. Physical therapy profession is guided by ethical standards that emphasize patient autonomy, confidentiality, beneficence, and Ethics and Professionalism: non-maleficence. Physical therapists are also committed to continuing education and evidence-based practice to provide the best possible care. Regulation and Credentialing: Physical therapists are licensed healthcare professionals, and the profession is regulated by state or national boards that ensure standards of practice, continuing education, and professional development. In summary, the physical therapy profession is dedicated to helping individuals achieve optimal physical function, manage pain, and improve their overall health and well-being through movement-based interventions. Importance of Ethics in Physical Therapy Establishes trust Ensures high Protects patient rights Provides a framework between therapists standards of care and and upholds the for decision-making in and patients. professionalism. integrity of the complex situations. profession.  It is a set of beliefs-based principles and rules about professional conduct about what is right and wrong, what is right and what is Professional wrong. Ethics Law They are written orders and prohibitions. Morality; It is a set of rules accepted by society that does not have a written mandatory feature. Just as a law devoid of moral values is unthinkable, a law that conflicts with moral values ceases to be functional. Morality and Law While moral rules are scattered and unorganized, legal rules are collective, organized and systematic. There is a difference in sanctions between moral and legal rules. Although the main sanction of morality is conscience, law has material coercive sanctions applied by the power of the state. Basic Concepts and Theories in ETHICS Classification and Theories in Ethics Normative Ethics? It's not what is, it's what should be. It provides a theoretical justification of moral principles, ideals and norms. It deals with theoretically the problems that arise spontaneously and are resolved in the consciousness of this or that society or class. Any conception that reflects the moral ideal of particular social groups is normative. Teleological ethics; Consequentialist ethical theories What determines the value of moral action, and even of a moral life, is the result of the action or life. An action is not good or bad in itself, it is the consequences of the action that make the action good or bad. Teleological ethics; It sets up a moral standard that enables the end to justify the means. Individual happiness, self-actualization, or making the greatest number of people happy is viewed as an ultimate goal to be achieved.  Within the scope of teleological ethical theories, Teleological the hedonisms of Cyrene, Aristippos and Epicurus, the ethical egoism of Hobbes, and the ethics; utilitarianism of Bentham and Mill can be listed.  Teleological ethics; Not pragmatism, but utilitarianism. Not the benefit of the individual, but the benefit of society. Deontological ethics; Deontological ethics focuses on the correctness of the action itself rather than the result. The rightness or wrongness of a moral action is determined by whether the person fulfills some moral duty or action rules, rather than by the consequences of the action. Deontological ethics; Rather than the outcome of the action, the underlying intentions and principles are important. This understanding, which sees humans as intelligent and responsible beings, assumes that humans have duties to fulfill and places the concept of duty at the core of its perspective. Right actions are actions derived from a duty or in conformity with moral laws. Deontological ethics; Unlike teleological theories such as hedonism and happinessism, which are based on criteria such as benefiting the most, the deontological approach has criteria such as equality, impartiality and universalizability. Accordingly, there are universal moral and conscientious truths and these do not change over time and conditions. A person should behave in such a way that he desires that his behavior becomes a universal law. In fact, immoral behavior is not inherently rational. Deontological ethics; Among the deontological theories, religious ethics (for example, Thomas of Aquinas in Christian ethics or Ghazali in Islamic ethics) and Kant's ethics of duty, which is identified with the deontological approach, and Ross's deontological intuitionism, which can be a reflection of these in modern ethics. Virtue ethics; Virtue ethics is basically concerned with the good life and what kind of person a person should be and uses the concept of character. The important thing is to be a good or virtuous person of character. A virtue is a habit, habit, quality or character trait that an individual has or would like to have.  According to this approach, beliefs, sensitivity and experience are important in determining one's moral life, not rules and consequences. Virtue The important thing is not to bring any benefit or harm to the person or society as a result of the actions, but to ethics; exhibit virtuous behaviors. Inner morality… Virtue ethics; While Socrates, Plato and Aristotle form the foundations of classical ethics, The representative of contemporary virtue ethics is MacIntyre.  Is There a Universal Moral Law? Those who reject the universal moral law Those who accept the universal moral law Hedonism (the Those who explain Those who explain Egoism (selfish morality of Anarchism the moral law on a the moral law on morality) pleasure) subjective basis an objective basis Utilitarianism Intuitionism Aristippus T.Hobbes Proudhon (Utilitarian (Intuitionist Socrates morality) morality) Epicurus Stirner J. Bentham H. Bergson Platon Bakunin J.S. Mill Farabi F. Nietzsche Spinoza J. P. Sartre I. Kant Basic Principles in Bioethics The most important modern representatives of ethics in medicine → Beauchamp and Childress No one ethical principle has superiority over another; They argue that any of these principles can be chosen or sacrificed, depending on the circumstances of the situation/events. In this context, they limited the principles and named some principles as "Basic principles". Basic Principles in Bioethics 1. The principle of benefit, 2. The principle of non-maleficence, 3. The principle of respect for autonomy, 4. Principle of justice. Thanks Questions ?