Introduction to the Human Body PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY  INTRODUCTION ❖Anatomy: Study of structure of organism ❖Physiology: Study of functions and activities of organism ❖Cytology: Study of cells ❖Histology: Study of tissues  CELLS & TISSUES Cells - basic unit of life Largest cell - ovum Longest cell - nerve cel...

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY  INTRODUCTION ❖Anatomy: Study of structure of organism ❖Physiology: Study of functions and activities of organism ❖Cytology: Study of cells ❖Histology: Study of tissues  CELLS & TISSUES Cells - basic unit of life Largest cell - ovum Longest cell - nerve cell/neuron Smallest cell - sperm Tissue - a group of cells that perform a specific function There are four types of tissues in our body Epithelial - found in skin and innermost lining of hollow organ Connective Nervous Muscular  ORGANS ✔ Different types of tissues combine to form an organ.  ORGAN SYSTEM Human Body Systems LIST OF ORGAN SYSTEMS Hematology Endocrine system Lymphatic system Cardiovascular system Sensory system Nervous system Respiratory system Integumentary Digestive system Urinary system Skeletal system Reproductive system Muscular system ORGAN SYSTEMS UNIVERSAL TERMS TO DESCRIBE THE BODY PLACEMENT PLANES OF BODY Frontal/ Coronal Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. PLANES OF BODY Sagittal/ medial/ lateral (Mid sagittal) We get exactly equal halves of the body into right and left sections. Parasagittal which means near to sagittal which gives unequal left and right plane. MID SAGITTAL AND PARA SAGITTAL PLANES OF BODY Cross sectional/ Transverse/ HorizontaI/ AxiaI We get a Superior which is upper half of the body and Inferior which is lower half of the body.  DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anterior Posterior situated before, at the front of situated behind, at the back of Medial Lateral pertaining to middle, near to middle of far from centre of body part away from body middle Deep Superficial away from surface, further into the on the surface, shallow body Superior/cranial/cephalic Inferior above over top of Caudal, podalic, towards the feet Proximal Distal towards the beginning, the nearer of more distant far from the origin two items Ipsilateral Contralateral Same side Opposite side BODY POSITIONS The supine position means lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down. LATERAL POSITION FOWLER’S AND TRENDELENBURG DIVISIONS OF VERTEBRA AND SPINAL CHORD DIVISIONS OF VERTEBRA AND SPINAL CHORD In a child the vertebral formula is as follows: C₇ T₁₂ L₅ S₅ C₄ In adults some of them get fused and the formula changes to: C₇ T₁₂ L₅ S₁ C₁ C1 - Atlas C2 - Axis BODY CAVITIES A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs ie, Viscera. Many organs are placed inside these cavities. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity is divided by the respiratory muscle called Diaphragm. (phrenico) BODY CAVITIES Brain Cranial cavity Pituitary gland Vertebral cavity Spinal chord Lungs and pleura Thoracic cavity Thymus Heart (mediastinal cavity) Stomach Liver Pancreas Abdominal cavity Gall bladder Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Urinary system Pelvic cavity Reproductive system BODY CAVITIES BODY CAVITIES ❑ The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, aorta, parts of bronchi, thymus. ❑ The muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen is the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration. QUADRANTS OF ABDOMEN REGIONS OF ABDOMEN REGIONS OF ABDOMEN REGIONS OF ABDOMEN - ORGANS Organs in 9 Regions of Abdomen Location of various organs in the Abdomen according to the region Abdomen Regions Organs Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Right Hypochondrium Small Intestine Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Left Hypochondrium Pancreas Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Epigastrium Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands Right Lumber Region Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon Left Lumber Region Descending Colon, Left Kidney  Abdomen Regions Organs Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Umbilical Region Duodenum Right Iliac Fossa Appendix, Cecum Left Iliac Fossa Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Hypogastrium Female Reproductive Organs Thank