Introduction to HCI Lec 4.pptx

USABILITY AND HUMAN FACTORS LECTURE 4 1 INTRODUCTION Medical errors kill more people every year than car wrecks, breast cancer, and AIDS combined. According to the Institute of Medicine, 98,000 people every year die due to medical errors. 2 INTRODUCTION (CONT.) The big driving factors in health...

USABILITY AND HUMAN FACTORS LECTURE 4 1 INTRODUCTION Medical errors kill more people every year than car wrecks, breast cancer, and AIDS combined. According to the Institute of Medicine, 98,000 people every year die due to medical errors. 2 INTRODUCTION (CONT.) The big driving factors in healthcare now: 1. Quality 2. Safety 3. Medical errors 3 PATIENT SAFETY Institute of Medicine Report: “To Err is Human” 98,000 preventable deaths due to human error Eighth leading cause of death Error is inevitable in any discipline. However, in medicine error is especially costly. Given the complexity of healthcare, create a safe culture seems to be the ultimate challenge for those who specialize in human factors If errors are not reported, which is too often the case, then it is much harder to learn from those errors. 4 ANNUAL DEATH RATES IN US 1.1 Table: (Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J., & Donaldson, M. S., 2000). 5 MEDICAL DEVICE ERRORS The Food and Drug Administration is the government body that oversees and approves medical devices. FDA recognizes most user errors with medical devices are: Influenced by device design and device labeling Not "inevitable human error" (not just human error) While they prioritize accuracy and safety, usability standards may need improvement to ensure reliable products. Ignoring usability is not advisable. 6 FDA DEVICE REPORTS In a given year there are over 25,000 FDA device reports related to user errors and many of them have been implicated in patient/user deaths Flicker image (2010). 7 GLUCOSE MONITORS Kaufman, D.R. & Starren, J. B. (2006). Glucose meters, commonly used by people with diabetes, can be effective, but they often have usability issues, especially for older patients, making it important to examine them closely. 8 DIGITAL DIVIDE Socioeconomic and demographic divisions between computer users and nonusers. In particular, Elderly adults Less affluent Hispanics and African Americans Rural populations Less educated The good news is that this divide has been closing over the last several years, but it still represents a substantial division 9 COMMUNITY-RELATED INITIATIVES There are an increasing number of communityrelated initiatives to bridge the digital divide. Here a community trainer training members of the community about accessing health information online Kaufman, D.R. & Rockoff, M.L. (2006). 10 COMMUNITY-RELATED INITIATIVES (CONT.) Older adults learning to access health information online. These community classes have the potential to close some of the digital divide gaps. Kaufman, D.R. & Rockoff, M.L. (2006). 11 TELEMEDICINE DEVICE Kaufman, D.R., Pevzner, J, Hilliman, C., et. Al. (2006).  Growth of new and different kinds of technology.  This is a telemedicine device designed for patients with diabetes.  It used to communicate with a nurse or a physician.  This particular device was especially tailored to older adults 12 TOUCH SCREEN DEVICE Kaufman, D.R., Pevzner, J, Hilliman, C., et. Al. (2006). The telemedicine device in the last slide evolved from a traditional mouse and Windows system to a touch screen interface to enhance usability, especially for older adults and computer newcomers, who often find using a mouse challenging. 13 DESIGN A plan/scheme conceived in mind & intended for execution Tradeoffs balancing conflicting requirements, such as targeting experts or novice users. Generating alternatives Use representations –Natural language, diagrams, prototypes Interaction design –Developing plan informed by product’s intended use, target domain & relevant practical considerations (It's 14 ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS an iterative process, starting with a needs analysis, then developing prototypes and beta versions before implementing a mature system, especially in healthcare. Evaluation, both before and after implementation, helps improve the design 15 USER-CENTERED DESIGN Ruland, C. M., Starren, J., & Vatne, T. M. (2008).  Designers are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering different user populations and involving them in user-centered design.  An example is Cornelia Ruland's work in Norway, where she engaged children with cancer in creating a system to help them express themselves and make choices about their treatment through a usercentered design process, 16 NORMAN'S SEVEN STAGES OF USER ACTIVITY Norman (1986). of user activity outline the steps involved in any interaction with a system,  starting with setting a goal, specifying an action, and interacting with the system, followed by system responses and user interpretation to determine whether to continue or make changes. 17 BRIDGING GULFS There are two types of problems that can occur when interacting with a system: 1. Gulf of Execution Gap between user’s goals & state of system (How do I… ?) Involves issues with performing actions, like clicking on a button 2. Gulf of Evaluation Gap between observed & expected system state (What happened?) Which pertains to difficulties in interpreting system feedback, such as distinguishing between sponsored links and other results on a page 18 SOURCES OF USABILITY EVIDENCE  Basic Observation system) (e.g. observing others using a Expert review/usability inspection End-user observation (observing end-users as interact with a system) –Testing situation (Users are given tasks to perform on the system while their interactions are observed and recorded) Video capture & review (labeling specific user actions, comments, or behaviors during usability testing) Formal coding 19 SUMMARY This class discusses patient safety, a significant concern, especially regarding potential errors caused by medical devices. It also addresses the digital divide, highlighting unequal access to computer resources and the internet in healthcare. 20 SUMMARY (CONT.) This concludes Usability and Human Factors, focusing on iterative design and user-centered design for improving patient safety. The class also covered Norman's seven stages of user interactivity and introduced the concepts of the "gulf of execution" and "gulf of evaluation." The next class will explore examples of good and poor design. 21