Introduction to Globalization PDF

Introduction to Globalization Janice D. Abejero Learning Outcomes Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; Tell a personal experience on globalization; and Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course. ...

Introduction to Globalization Janice D. Abejero Learning Outcomes Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; Tell a personal experience on globalization; and Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.  How do you define globalization? https://www.inc.com/amy-morin/7-thinking-patterns-that-will-that-rob-you-of-mental-strength-and- what-you-can-do-about-them.html 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  Dynamic? Cultural Imperialism? Economic interdependence? 0000 Cultural Transnationalism? Globalization Hybridization? Political Intensification of expansion? social network? Cultural integration? A process? Globalization What is globalization? Many scholars gave and continue to formulate definitions of globalization. This resulted to different sometimes contradicting views about the concept. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Economic Political Social  Globalization Is it a new phenomenon? Economic interdependence https://topyaps.com/top-10-most-common-modes-of-transportation http://www.crystalinks.com/rometransportation.html http://www.autoloancalculator.org/driving/steam-automobiles.php http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat52/sub331/item1182.html https://www.porttechnology.org/news/cargo_shipping_101_goods_moved_by_ships https://www.greatlakessteamshipsociety.org/ https://vinepair.com/wine-blog/history-wine-transport-8000-years/ Economic Globalization Economic globalization is a historical process that results to human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. MIGRANTE International: International Alliance of Filipino Migrant Organization The migration of Filipino abroad. 1990 1995 More than 2,000 migrant Filipinos leave the country each day and approximately one-third of these are composed of unskilled workers. They can be found in 182 countries worldwide. Millions of workers are being thrown out of Us14.543 billion their regular jobs resort to contractualization and downsizing so as to maintain and generate more profits. Migrant Filipinos contribute a lot to the economy through their remittances.  Typical examples of economic globalization are the global supply chains now standard for the manufacture of many devices, ranging from cars to smart phones; the processes surrounding raw materials, components, and assembly may take place across multiple countries. 11 Political Globalization Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. That system includes national governments,their governmental and intergovern mental organizations as well as government- independent elements of global civil society such as international non-governmental organizations and social movement organizations.  William R. Thompson has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter- regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed” University of Washington | Department of Political Science Valentine M. Moghadam defined it as "an increasing trend toward multilateralism (in which the United Nations plays a key role), toward an emerging 'transnational state apparatus,' and toward the emergence of national and international nongovernmental organizations that act as watchdogs over governments and have increased their activities and influence". College of Social Sciences and Humanities | Northeastern University Manfred B. Steger & Colin Crouch in turn wrote that it "refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe". The longer definition by Colin Crouch goes as follows: "Political globalization refers to the growing power of institutions of global governance such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). But it also refers to the spread and influence of international non-governmental organizations, social movement organizations and transnational advocacy networks operating across borders and constituting a kind of global civil society." United Nation The UN is one of the key organizations in the process of the political globalization. It was created on 24th October of 1945 when the UN charter was signed. Its main objectives are: to maintain international peace and security and promoting human rights and global development. The Flag of the United Nations flying at United Nations Plaza in the Civic Center, San Francisco, California. Social Globalization Social globalization pertains to human interaction within cultural communities, encompassing topics like family, religion, work and education. Social globalization refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries.... Good examples of social globalization could include internationally popular films, books and TV series. Social globalization is a product of the connected world. When two countries interact (initially for trade), in the process: there is increased understanding of the social dynamics of each other. Meaning of Culture in a Global Age “globalization of culture (way of life) is implicit in all forms of globalization” Culture provides basis of meaning for people’s actions” Meaning of Culture in a Global Age Globalization changes how people view themselves--- their needs, desires, goals, and motivations. Global Culture and Cultural Flows Because much of culture exists in the form of ideas, words, images, musical sounds, and so on, culture tends to flow comparatively easily throughout the world. Globalization is a historical process. “It started long before the recent years of information technology, the end of the cold war or even the end of the Second World War. It has its bases earlier, in the development of capitalism and industrialism, and in the institutions, technologies and incentives these systems brought along” (Martell, as cited in Mazo, 2018). Brief Historical Periods by Steger (2003) The prehistoric period (10,000 BCE-3,500 BCE) The premodern period (3,500 BCE-1,500 CE) The early modern period (1500-1750) The modern period (1750-1970) The contemporary period (from 1970) The prehistoric period (10,000 BCE-3,500 BCE) http://www.ecolewuxing.com/art-martial-sport-de-combat/caveman-battle/ http://www.crystalinks.com/migrationhuman.html  The premodern period (3,500 BCE-1,500 CE) The oracle bone scripts, originally discovered from Ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics relics of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC – 1046 BC) in ('sacred carvings') and developed at some point prior to Anyang City, Henan Province Writing was invented by the Sumerians around 3100 BC. https://news.cgtn.com/news/7841444d79637a6333566d54/shar the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 -2613 BCE). http://www.historywiz.com/exhibits/sumerianwriting.html e_p.html https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Writing/  The early modern period (1500-1750) http://theconversation.com/the-18th-century-enlightenment-and-the-problem-of-public-misery-57541 Age of Enlightenment The modern period (1750-1970) (Steger, 2003) http://brewminate.com/a-brief-history-of-economic-networks-in-the-early-modern-and-modern- worlds/ The contemporary period (from 1970) Contemporary globalization is defined as the final wave of globalization, and is characterized by the acceleration and intensification of the technological, cultural, religious, economic and political integration (Gerle 2000). (Pix (c) Larry Catá Backer 2013)) http://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2013/03/kof-index-of-globalization-2013-released.html GLOBALIZATION IS... “The process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer.” - Swedish Journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) “Colonization” - Martin Khor, former president of the Third World Network in Malaysia The Task of Defining Globalization The literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either: Broad and Inclusive It can include a variety of issues narrow and exclusive that deal with overcoming are better justified but can be traditional boundaries limiting as well in the sense Inclusive is an adjective with several meanings: It can be used that its application are only to describe something those who adhere to such that's broad Or it describes a definition. group that's particularly welcoming to all kinds of people. Broad and Inclusive Definition Broad and inclusive globalization describes the opportunity by which the people or factors behind a certain development in a country benefits as well. In a nutshell, broad and inclusive globalization gives everyone a chance to participate in the management in such a way that the perspectives or plans a country have is reflected in their policies. This leads to a more secured opportunities and benefits for everyone. Advantages & Disadvantages of broad and inclusive globalization Advantages Disadvantages Equal opportunities for everyone Reshaping of government institutions to cater for everyone Secured opportunities for everyone Growth for the countries Economic processes need to be reorganized Development of the nations Social processes require reorganization Failure to focus on the country's own people and policies Narrow and Exclusive Definition In the English language, exclusivity is the restriction or the limitation within a group, area or people. In terms of globalization, narrow and exclusive means that the focus of the globalization would be limited to the country alone. Advantages & Disadvantages of narrow and exclusive globalization Advantages Disadvantages Focuses on the development of the Results to trade wars with other country countries Enhancement of the policies in a Limited perspective country Failure to establish connections with Supported by people other countries Gives importance to the people and the cultures inside the country Example of these Definitions: “...globalization means the onset of borderless world...” - Ohmae in 1992 “the characteristics of the globalization tend to include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state... making states into agencies of globalizing world.” - Robert Cox  Why are we going to spend time studying this concept? How can we appreciate these definitions? How can these help us understand globalization? 1. Defining globalization is shaped by the perspective of the person who defines it. 2. Globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society develops. It has happened before and is still happening today. We should expect it to continue to happen in the future.  Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality, defining globalization has a shifting nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns involving globalization have a wide range from the individual to society; from small communities to nations and states; and from the benefits we can gain from it to the costs it could carry. Metaphors of Globalization Solid to Liquid Solid and Liquid Solidity - refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. It can be either natural or man-made. Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world. Solid: Natural & Man-Made ❖ Examples of Natural Solids are landforms and bodies of water. ❖ Man-Made: Great Wall of China Berlin Wall Nine-Dash Line Liquid Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world.  In fact, that flow is increasingly easy because culture exists increasingly in digitized forms (example: language, symbols, norms of beauty/ femininity, etc.). The internet permits global downloading and sharing of digitized cultural forms such as movies, videos, music, books, newspapers, images , and so on. Globalization Theories Homogeneity & Heterogeneity Homogeneity Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism.  Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. ❖For example, the dominant religion in our culture is Christianity. ❖Due to Trends and Technology: Korean Culture ❖Young people are listening to the same music on Spotify. Heterogeneity Heterogeneity – pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. This refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of cultures which can be produced through the different transplanetary process. Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural hybridization. Responses to Globalization of Culture: CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION emphasizes the mixing of cultures as a result of globalization and the production, out of the integration of the global and the local of new and unique hybrid cultures that are not reducible to either local or global culture. CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION the focus is on the integration of global processes with various local realities to produce new and distinctive hybrid forms that indicate continued global heterogenization rather than homogenization.  For example, India is heterogeneous society in terms of religious system because there are Indians who are following various major world religions. Zamboanga City Origins and History The previous discussions answered the question, “What is globalization?” The next question, “Where did it start?” is not easy to answer as well because there are different views about this. However, the book generally adheres to the perspective that the major points of the beginnings of globalizations started after the second World War.  Nevertheless, it would mean no harm to look at the five different perspectives regarding the origins of globalization. Hardwired According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is our basic human need to make our lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our Ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all-known continents today after 50,000 years.  Chanda mentioned that commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the “urges” of people toward a better life. These respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures, and conquest. Cycles For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task. What is important, are the cycles of globalization has gone through (Scholte 2005). Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear. Epoch Ritzer (2015) cited Therbon's (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called “waves” and each has its own origin. The following are the sequential occurence of the epochs: 1. Globalization of religion (4th - 7th Centuries) 2. European colonial conquests (late 15th Century) 3. Intra-European wars (late 18th - early 19th Centuries) 4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid 19th Century to 1918) 5. Post-World War II period 6. Post-Cold period Events Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. Technology and others. Broader, More Recent Changes Video on Globalization Isn’t Finished Yet GROUP ACTIVITY: The World Made Closer We were able to discuss the different definitions of globalization. The sheer magnitude, diversity, and complexity of the process of globalization today lead to the conceptualization of the current era as the “global age.” We were also able to analyze the globalization through conceptual metaphors such as solid and liquid. In this activity, you will be able to see their connections to the rest of the world based on different aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports film, celebrity, and disaster. 1.Answer the following questions: a.Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you have listened to. Where did they start? Identify the nationality of the creator and/or artist for each music. b.What gadgets/devices do you usually use to listen to music? c.Where are these gadgets/devices made? Where is the company based? d.How did you access these music? Do you purchase them online or listen to them through Youtube, Spotify, and other music channels? 2.Using a visual representation, create your generalizations and discuss: what is globalization? Or how do I define globalization? 3.What metaphors are you going to use to improve your own definition of globalization? Part II COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. demonstrate knowledge about globalization as an economic phenomenon; and 2. demonstrate an understanding of the impact of globalization on communication. Many global companies operate in the Philippines. These companies have Filipino counterparts which compete with them. An example of a global company is McDonald's; its Filipino competition is Jollibee. The Globalization Phenomenon 'Globalization' and 'global' are terms we often encounter today. These terms are associated with realities outside the territories. All countries are engaged in globalization. Very few (if any) societies are unaffected by this phenomenon. Because of this, we need to understand exactly what it is, and more importantly, how it impacts communication.  The following reading text provides information about globalization. Before reading the text, research about the following: Reuters Paris Agreement on Climate Change  Reuters (/ˈrɔɪtərz/) is an international news organization owned by Thomson Reuters.Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. (Reuters) provides trusted business, financial, national and international news to professionals through Thomson Reuters desktops, the world's media organizations and directly to consumers via reuters.com and Reuters TV.  The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse- gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016. What is Globalization Anyway?* By Alex Gray (World Economic Forum, 2017) How Globalization Works? 1. In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it's an economic concept - the integration of markets, trade and investmets with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated. 2. Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone. Storm In A Coffee Cup To help explain the economic side of globalization, let's take a look at the well- known coffee chain Starbucks. The first Starbucks outlet opened its doors in 1971 in the city Seattle. Today it has 15,000 stores in 50 countries. These days you can find a Starbucks anywhere, whether Australia, Cambodia, Chile, or Dubai. It's what you might call a truly globalized company. Storm In A Coffee Cup How did it happen? We might think of globalization as a relatively new phenomenon, but it's been around for centuries. One example is the Silk Road (The Silk Road primarily refers to the land routes connecting East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe. The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk carried out along its length, beginning in the Han dynasty in China 207 BCE– 220 CE), when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via an overland route. Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as gems and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of how globalization can spread culture across borders.) What drives it? Globalization has speeded up enormously over the last half- century, thanks to great leaps in technology. The internet has revolutionized connectivity and communication, and helped people share their ideas much more widely, just as the invention of the printing press did in the 15th century. The advent of email made communication faster than ever. The invention of enormous container ships helped too. In fact, improvements in transport generally faster - faster ships, trains and airplanes - have allowed us to move around the globe much more easily. What's good about it? Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty. For example, when a company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in Rwanda, it is providing livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole. Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before. Take the Paris Agreement on Climate change, for instance, where 195 countries all agreed to work towards reducing their carbon emissions for the greater global good. What's bad about it? While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere. Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of thousand of people. But when China began producing cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down and thousands of job were lost. Technology brings with it new dangers - cyber criminals The Impact of Globalization on Communication As more people cross borders because of globalization, more language contact happens, making communication more challenging. Globalization and Communication Globalization has brought in its wake a profound change in the technologies used to communicate and its effects have been felt across the planet. In a nutshell, communicating globally means sending and receiving information all over the Earth, a process which has been underway for hundreds of years (Lubbers & Koorevaar, 2000, p.7-24) Globalization and Communication Ekeanyanwu (Ekeanyanwu, 2005) observed how communicating worldwide entails collecting, spreading and examining analytically the news and knowledge produced across the whole globe. Technological progress has gone hand in hand with simpler, quicker, clearer and more effective communications. (Lubbers & Koorevaar, 2000, p.7-24) Globalization and Communication A synergy is observed between communication and technological development, such that new inventions, such as the Internet, which are constantly emerging and, indeed, often converging, too, lead to entirely new ways for people to interact (Nelson, 2010, p.1-7). Globalization and Communication Thus, although the way we envisage globalization may differ, one vital point in common to many accounts is that enlarged communications are behind many of the changes of a social nature occurring between nations. (Greig, 2002, p.225- 243) The abundant technologies (fax, telephones, civil aviation, television and the Internet) have added to the ways in which individuals can communicate both at a local and cross-cultural level. (Greig, 2002, p.225- 243; Holton, 2000, p.140-152) Globalization and Communication Ekeanyanwu (Ekeanyanwu, 2005) believes communications on a worldwide scale engender mutual understanding amongst members of different cultures. McQuail categorized the formats thus (McQuail, 2010): 1. Transfer and broadcasting/publication of media and written materials in their entirety from one national audience to another. 2. Local media (cinema, music, television broadcasts, news reporting) are supplemented with imported items in those categories. 3. Foreign media are altered to better fit another country’s audience preferences. McQuail categorized the formats thus (McQuail, 2010): 4. Items (e.g. sports reporting, advertisements and pictures) either come from abroad or allude to events/people etc. abroad. 5. News reports about another country. 6. Some media intended to be shown internationally, e.g. Music TV, CNN International, BBC World, amongst others. - end - Group Activity The products that we consume and use - foods, clothing, and gadgets - are parts of our way of life. Globalization allows for a worldwide exchange of these commodities and exposure to different cultures as well. This activity will allow you to investigate the origin and spread of the products and services sold in your country. You will also be able to know the countries involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of the products being sold and consumed in the country. 1. Divide the class into seven and assign each group into one of the following products being sold in the Philippines: a. Starbucks coffee b. Lamborghini sports car c. iPhone d. Laptop e. McDonald's BigMac burger f. Rolex wristwatch g. Nike shoes Where in the world? Creatively show where in the world your assigned product is based, manufactured, and sold.