Introduction to Cognitive Psychology PDF

- PSY 4313 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2ND TERM, AY 2024-2025 This material must not be duplicated, disseminated, or appropriated by others without the creator's permission. CHAP...

- PSY 4313 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2ND TERM, AY 2024-2025 This material must not be duplicated, disseminated, or appropriated by others without the creator's permission. CHAPTER 1 INTRO TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSY 4313 1  - At the end of the session, students are expected to: Explain the nature of cognitive psychology. Citing Specific Textual Evidence in a Discuss the history ofText the field and identify key personalities responsible for its development. Explain the practical applications of cognitive psychology. Analyzing the Development of Central Ideas Reference: Farmer, T. A., & Matlin, M. orCognition. W. (2019). Themes John Wiley & Sons. Lesson Outline 01 Origins of Cognitive Psychology The Cognitive 02 Revolution The Computer Metaphor of the Mind 03 and Information Processing 04 The Connectionist Approach 05 Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology 2  - Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is a subdiscipline of experimental psychology focused on investigating the mental processes that give rise to our perceptions and interpretations of the world around us. Cognition – mental activity - refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge. Cognitive approach is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology Cognitive processes grant the ability to plan, to create, to interact with others, and to process the thoughts, sensations, and emotions. Prospective memory - the memory we form for tasks we intend to carry out at a future point in time. Retrospective memory - remembering information that you acquired in the past. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 3  - Why do we study cognition? 1. Cognitive approach has widespread influence on other areas of psychology, such as clinical psychology and psychotherapy, educational psychology, and social psychology. 2.Cognition occupies a major portion of human psychology as it relates to your daily life experiences. 3.Understanding cognition gives understanding of the abilities that provide you with the experience of a rich mental life. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Origins of Cognitive Psychology The cognitive approach to psychology traces its origins to the classical Greek philosophers. Aristotle examined topics such as perception, memory, and mental imagery and discussed how humans acquire knowledge through experience and observation. Aristotle emphasized the importance of empirical evidence, or scientific evidence, obtained by careful observation and experimentation. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 4  - Origins of Cognitive Psychology Wilhelm Wundt Psychology as a discipline in and of itself did not emerge, however, until the late 1800s. Founder of experimental psychology. Psychology should study mental processes and advocated the use of a technique called introspection. ⚬ Observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them objectively under standardized conditions. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Origins of Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus Examined a variety of factors that might influence performance on memory tasks, such as the amount of time between two presentations of a list of items. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 5  - Origins of Cognitive Psychology Mary Whiton Calkins Recency Effect - the observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli. Emphasized that psychologists should study how people use their cognitive processes in the real world, as opposed to in artificial laboratory tasks PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Origins of Cognitive Psychology William James Published the Principles of Psychology, 1890. Emphasized that the human mind is active and inquiring and foreshadows numerous topics such as perception, attention, memory, understanding, reasoning, and the tip-of- the- tongue phenomenon. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 6  - Origins of Cognitive Psychology Edward Tolman Importance of information storage, maintenance, and goal-driven retrieval. ⚬ Mental representation - the memories that are encoded and maintained in long-term memory system as a result of lifetime experiences. ⚬ Cognitive map - internally represented pieces of information that can be stored and accessed at some later point in time when needed. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Origins of Cognitive Psychology The Gestalt Approach Emphasizes that humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, and that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ⚬ Gestalt - overall quality that transcends the individual elements. Emphasized the importance of insight in problem solving ⚬ They strongly objected to Wundt’s introspective technique of analyzing experiences into separate components. ⚬ They also criticized the behaviorists’ emphasis on breaking behavior into observable stimulus– response units and ignoring the context of behavior. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 7  - Cognitive Revolution Jean Piaget Children actively explore their world in order to understand important concepts and their cognitive strategies change as they mature. Adolescents often use sophisticated strategies to conduct their own personal experiments about how the world works. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Revolution Noam Chomsky ·The structure of language was too complex to be explained in behaviorist terms. Argued that humans have an inborn ability to master all the complicated and varied aspects of language. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 8  - Cognitive Revolution Ulric Neisser Father of Cognitive Psychology. Coined the term “Cognitive Psychology” and published a book of the same name. Cognitive psychologists generally agree that the birth of cognitive psychology can be listed as 1956. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Revolution Cognitive Psychology More Recently: Critics Issue of ecological validity – hints conditions in which the research is conducted are like the natural settings where the results will be applied. ⚬ In general, most cognitive psychologists acknowledge that the discipline must advance by conducting both ecologically valid and laboratory-based research. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 9  - The Computer Metaphor of the Mind Perspectives on Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is part of a broad field known as Cognitive Science - an interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the inner workings of the mind. ⚬ Thinking requires us to manipulate our internal representations of the external world and cognitive scientists focus on these internal representations. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology The Computer Metaphor of the Mind Computer metaphor Cognitive processes work like a computer, that is, computers and human minds are both examples of complex, multipurpose machinery. Thagard suggests that a computer model resembles a recipe in cooking and a recipe has two parts: ⚬ The ingredients, which are somewhat like the structures. ⚬ The cooking instructions for working with those ingredients, which are somewhat like the processes. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 10  - The Computer Metaphor of the Mind Information-processing approach Beginning in the 1960s, psychologists began to create models of how information flows through cognitive systems - the information-processing approach – which argues that: Our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer Information progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time. Information processing was considered to be serial processing - the system must complete one step or processing stage before information can proceed to the next step in the processing flowchart. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology The Connectionist Approach Also known as parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach and the neural-network approach. Argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like processing units. Many operations can proceed simultaneously. ⚬ Cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain that is essential for cognitive processes and the neural activity for seems to be distributed throughout a section of the brain. ⚬ Networks are designed based on the basic principles associated with how neurons pass electrical signals to each other. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 11  - The Connectionist Approach Cognitive Neuroscience The research techniques of cognitive psychology are combined with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain. Understanding where and how processes are implemented in the brain was an incredibly slow-moving enterprise until the final decades of the 20th century. ⚬ Psychologists relied heavily on data from brain lesions - the destruction of an area in the brain, most often by strokes, tumors, blows to the head, and accidents. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology The Connectionist Approach Social Cognitive Neuroscience Use of neuroscience techniques to explore the kind of cognitive processes that we use in our interactions with other people. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 12  - Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology Theme 1: Cognitive processes are active, rather than passive People can willfully seek out information Attentional and perceptual systems work together to facilitate ability to strategically seek out and process information that is most relevant for current goals. Memory is a lively process that requires you to continually synthesize and transform information. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology Theme 2: Cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate. Cognitive systems are designed such that they can limit the amount of information to which one has access. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 13  - Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology Theme 3: Cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information. Cognitive processes are designed to handle what is, rather than what is not. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology Theme 4: Cognitive processes are interrelated with one another; they do not operate in isolation. All higher mental processes require careful integration of more basic cognitive processes. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 14  - Major Themes of Cognitive Psychology Theme 5: Many cognitive processes rely on both bottom- up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing emphasizes the importance of information from the stimuli registered on sensory receptors. ⚬ Uses only a low-level sensory analysis of the stimulus. Top-down processing emphasizes how concepts, expectations, and memory influence cognitive processes. ⚬ Requires higher-level cognition. PSY 4313 Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology CHAPTER 1 INTRO TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY END 15