Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Thematic Outline: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A. Definitions 1. Anatomy: Study of body structure and relationships 2. Physiology: Study of body function and how systems maintain life II. Levels of Structural Organization A. Chemical level: A...

Thematic Outline: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A. Definitions 1. Anatomy: Study of body structure and relationships 2. Physiology: Study of body function and how systems maintain life II. Levels of Structural Organization A. Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, organelles B. Cellular level: Basic unit of life, contains organelles C. Tissue level: Groups of similar cells with common function D. Organ level: Composed of tissues, perform specific actions E. System level: Organs and tissues working together for a need F. Organism level: A single individual with all levels of organization III. Different Types of Cells A. Muscle Cells (Myocytes) 1. Responsible for movement, contain contractile proteins 2. Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth B. Blood Cells 1. Erythrocytes (RBC): Carry oxygen 2. Leukocytes (WBC): Body defense 3. Thrombocytes (platelets): Blood clotting C. Skin Cells 1. Epidermal cells: Outer layer, includes keratinocytes, melanocytes etc. 2. Dermal cells: Underlying connective tissues D. Nerve Cells (Neurons) 1. Communication via electrical impulses 2. Types: Motor, sensory, interneurons E. Glandular Cells 1. Produce enzymes and hormones 2. Found in cervix, salivary glands, pancreas etc. F. Special Types of Cells 1. Sperm and oocytes for reproduction 2. Stem cells for repair and found in various locations IV. Different Types of Tissues A. Connective Tissue: Support and protection (e.g., bone) B. Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands C. Muscle Tissue: Contraction for movement D. Nervous Tissue: Excitable, transmit nerve impulses V. Human Life Processes A. Organization: Coordinated function of body components B. Metabolism: Anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (breakdown) C. Growth: Changes from infancy to aging D. Nutrition: Food intake and utilization E. Body Temperature Regulation: Maintaining internal temperature F. Biological Maturation: Process of reaching maturity and aging G. Inheritance: Transmission of traits from parents to offspring H. Aging: Progressive decline in biological functions VI. Cellular Adaptation A. Definition: Cell changes in response to environmental variations B. Types of adaptation: 1. Hypertrophy: Cell enlargement 2. Hyperplasia: Increased cell number 3. Atrophy: Reduced cell size/number 4. Metaplasia: Change in epithelium type 5. Dysplasia: Disordered cell growth VII. Anatomical Planes, Directions and Body Cavities A. Anatomical Planes: Imaginary lines dividing the body 1. Sagittal (Medial): Right and left halves 2. Transverse (Horizontal): Top and bottom halves 3. Frontal (Coronal): Front and back sections B. Directional Terms: Relative positions (e.g., medial, lateral, superior) C. Body Cavities: Spaces containing vital organs 1. Dorsal Cavity a. Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain b. Spinal Cavity: Contains the spinal cord 2. Ventral Cavity a. Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs b. Abdominopelvic Cavity: i. Abdominal Cavity: Digestive organs ii. Pelvic Cavity: Reproductive organs, bladder, rectum