Introduction to Anatomical Terms PDF

Introduction to anatomical terms and organization of the human body Applied Anatomy Unit -1 MANIK SINGH THAKUR  TERMS RELATED TO BODY MOVEMENTS In Upper limb: Flexion: When two flexor surfaces are brought clos...

Introduction to anatomical terms and organization of the human body Applied Anatomy Unit -1 MANIK SINGH THAKUR  TERMS RELATED TO BODY MOVEMENTS In Upper limb: Flexion: When two flexor surfaces are brought close to each other, e.g. in elbow joint when front of arm and forearm are opposed to each other. Extension: When extensor or dorsal surfaces are brought in as much approximation as possible, e.g. straighten the arm and forearm at the elbow joint. Abduction: When limb is taken away from the body. Adduction: When limb is brought close to the body.  Circumduction: It is movement of distal end of a part of the body in a circle. A combination of extension, abduction, flexion and adduction in a sequence is called circumduction as in bowling. Supination: When the palm is facing forwards or upwards. Pronation: When the palm faces backwards or downwards.  Medial rotation: When the arm rotates medially bringing the flexed forearm across the chest. Lateral rotation: When arm rotates laterally taking the flexed forearm away from the body. Adduction of digits/fingers: When all the fingers get together. Abduction: When all fingers separate.  In Lower Limb Flexion of thigh: When front of thigh comes in contact with front of abdomen. Extension of thigh: Any movement away from flexion is extension. Abduction: When thigh is taken away from the median plane. Adduction: When thigh is brought close to median plane. Medial rotation: When thigh is turned medially. Lateral rotation: When thigh is turned laterally Flexion of knee: When back of thigh and back of leg come in opposition.  Extension of knee: When thigh and leg are in straight line as in standing. Dorsiflexion of foot: When dorsum of foot is brought close to front of leg and sole faces forwards. Plantarflexion of foot: When sole of foot or plantar aspect of foot faces backwards. Inversion of foot: When medial border of foot is raised from the ground Eversion of foot: When lateral border of foot is raised from the ground. In the Neck: Flexion: When face comes closer to chest. Extension: When face is brought away from the chest. Lateral flexion: When ear is brought close to shoulder. Rotation: When neck rotates so that chin goes to opposite side. Opening the mouth: When lower jaw is lowered to open the mouth. Closure of the mouth: When lower jaw is opposed to the upper jaw, closing the mouth. Protraction: When lower jaw slides forwards in its socket in the temporal bone of skull. Retraction: When lower jaw slides backwards in its socket in the temporal bone of skull.  In the Trunk: Backward bending is called extension. Forward bending is flexion. Sideward movement is lateral flexion. Sideward rotation is lateral rotation.