Computer Fundamentals Introduction PDF

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS A Brief History of Computers PRE-MECHANICAL COMPUTING Pre-Mechanical Computing A Brief History of Computers MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Mechanical Computers The Abacus (about 1000 BCE) Mechanical Computers Napier’s Bones and Logarithms (1617) Mechanical Computers Ou...

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS A Brief History of Computers PRE-MECHANICAL COMPUTING Pre-Mechanical Computing A Brief History of Computers MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Mechanical Computers The Abacus (about 1000 BCE) Mechanical Computers Napier’s Bones and Logarithms (1617) Mechanical Computers Oughtred’s (1621) and Schickard‘s (1623) Slide Rule Mechanical Computers Blaise Pascal’s Pascaline (1645) Mechanical Computers Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s Stepped Reckoner (1674) Mechanical Computers Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his Punched-Card Controlled Looms (1804) Mechanical Computers Preparing the cards with the pattern for the cloth to be woven… Charles Babbage (1791-1871) The Father of Computers Mechanical Computers Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine Mechanical Computers Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine A Brief History of Computers ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Electro-Mechanical Computers Herman Hollerith and his Census Tabulating Machine (1884) Electro-Mechanical Computers A closer look at the Census Tabulating Machine Electro-Mechanical Computers The Harvard Mark I (1944) aka IBM’s Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Electro-Mechanical Computers The First Computer Bug A Brief History of Computers ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTERS Electronic Digital Computers Alan Turing (1912-1954) The Turing Machine John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995) Clifford Berry(1918-1963)  Electronic Digital Computers 1939 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented by John Vincent Atanasoff Electronic Digital Computers 1943 Bletchley Park’s Colossus The Enigma Machine Electronic Digital Computers 1946 The ENIAC John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John Mauchly (1907-1980) of the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Engineering Electronic Digital Computers The ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer Electronic Digital Computers Programming the ENIAC Electronic Digital Computers ENIAC’s Wiring! John Von Neumann came up with the bright idea of using part of the computer’s internal memory (called Primary Memory) to “store” the program inside the computer and have the computer go get the instructions from its own memory, just as we do with our human brain. Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century HARDWARE and SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS  Highlights (1970) H316 Kitchen Computer − first home computer − introduced by Honeywell Corporation − was available in three versions: table-top rack-mountable self-standing pedestal  Highlights (1970) UNIX Operating System − created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie − designed for: critical application on servers Workstations high end microcomputers  Highlights (1971) Intel 4004 Microprocessor − introduced by Dr. Ted Hoff − a four-bit computer containing 2,300 transistors − 60,000 instructions per second  Highlights (1972) C Language − C language was introduced by Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan − UNIX O.S. was written in C language − Popular programming language 5.25-inch Floppy Diskettes − portable way to move data  Highlights (1973) 8-inch Two-Sided Floppy Disk − introduced by IBM − can hold 400 KB of data Winchester Eight-inch Four-Platter Hard Drive − can hold 70MB of data Bob Metcalfe introduced the Ethernet Concept  Highlights (1974) 8080 Chip − introduced by Intel − access 64 KB of memory − 2 byte addressing structure − over 6000 transistors on one chip − performs 640,000 instructions per second  Highlights (1974) 6800 Microprocessor − introduced by Motorola − eight-bit processor − primarily used in industrial and automotive devices  Highlights (1975) Altair 880 − first commercially available microcomputer − first PC − 64 KB of memory − an open 100-line bus structure Basic Language Interpreter − introduced by Paul Allen and Bill Gates  Highlights (1976) Apple I Computer − built by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs − less powerful than Altair − less expensive and less complicated − option of mounting the computer’s motherboard  Highlights (1976) The Cray-1 − built by Cray Research − the first supercomputer  Highlights (1977) Apple II Computer − assembled in a case − plugged with TVs ARCNet (Attached Resource Computing Network) − by Datapoint Corporation − first commercial LAN technology for microcomputer application  Highlights (1977) Microsoft − founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen  Highlights (1978) Intel 8086 Microprocessor − 16-bit chip MX-80 Dot-Matrix Printer − announced by Epson − high performance − low-priced  Highlights (1979) Intel 8088 Microprocessor − 16-bit internal architecture − eight-bit external bus Motorola 68000 Chip − contains 68000 transistors − used in early Macintosh computers  Highlights (1979) VisiCalc − first commercial spreadsheet program − released by software Arts WordStar − introduced by MicroPro − word-processing program for IBM- compatible microcomputers  Highlights (1980) Q-DOS Operating System − Quick and Dirty Operating System − developed by Seattle computer products − modified to run on IBM hardware Bellmac-32 Microprocessor − single chip − 32-bit internal architecture and a 32-bit data bus  Highlights (1982) Compaq Computer − entered the marketplace  Highlights (1983) Lotus 1-2-3 − integrated spreadsheet program − spreadsheet, graphics and database features in one package − produced by IBM  Highlights (1984) CD-ROM − produced by Sony and Philips Macintosh Computer − introduced by Apple  Highlights (1988) Internet Worm − Released by Robert Morris Jr., contending that he meant it to expose security risks on the Internet  Highlights (1995) Java Language − developed by Sun Microsystems COMPUTER: DEFINED Computer: Defined Computer A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Flow of Information Characteristics of Computers Speed: A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second. The time used by a computer to perform an operation is called the processing speed. Computer speed is measured in Hertz (Hz). Characteristics of Computers Storage: A computer can store a large amount of data permanently. Text, graphic, pictures, audio and video files can be stored easily. Characteristics of Computers Processing: Computers can perform arithmetic operations. It can also perform logical functions like comparing two numbers to decide which one is the bigger etc. Characteristics of Computers Accuracy: Accuracy means to provide results without any error. Computers can process large amount of data and generate error-free results. Characteristics of Computers Word Length: The number of bits the computer can process at a time in parallel is called its word length. Word length is the measure of the computing power of a computer; the longer the word length, the more powerful the computer is. Characteristics of Computers Versatility: Computers are very versatile machines. They are capable of performing almost any task, provided the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps. Characteristics of Computers Automation: Once a task is initiated, computers can proceed on its own till its completion. Computers can be programmed to perform a series of complex tasks involving multiple programs. Computers are capable of automation, provided they are programmed correctly. Characteristics of Computers Diligence: Being a machine, a computer does not have weaknesses similar to those of humans. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Types of Computers Two Basic Types: 1. Analog − a range of values makes data − flexible but not necessarily precise/reliable Example: Old-Fashioned Slide Rule Types of Computers Two Basic Types: 1. Digital − two digits make data (0 and 1) − reliable and precise Example: Personal Computer Analog versus Digital Computers for Individual Users Personal Computers (PCs) − designed for use by a single person − also called microcomputers Six Primary Types: 1. Desktop Computers 2. Workstations 3. Notebook Computers 4. Tablet Computers 5. Handheld Computers 6. Smart Phones Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Desktop Computers − the most common type of personal computer − designed to sit on (or under) a desk or table − come in two designs: a. The Traditional Design b. The Tower Design Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Desktop Computers Traditional (Horizontal) Tower (Vertical) Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Workstations − has more power and features than Desktops − popular among scientists, engineers and animators − have large high-resolution monitors − have accelerated graphics handling capabilities Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Notebook Computers − also called Laptop Computers − small, portable computers − lightweight − can operate on alternating current or special batteries − falls into mobile computers category − typically as powerful as a desktop Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Tablet PCs − newest development in portable, full-featured computers − offer all the functionality of a notebook PC − input is through a special pen called stylus or digital pen − run specialized versions of standard programs Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Handheld PCs − very small computers Example: Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) PDA is used for: a. taking notes. b. displaying telephone numbers and addresses. c. keeping track of dates or agendas. d. exchanging data when connected to larger computers. Computers for Individual Users Six Primary Types: 1. Smart Phones − are digital cellular phones − have features similar to PCs: a. web browser b. e-mail access c. special software such as personal organizers d. special hardware such as digital cameras or music players Computers for Organizations − support many users at the same time − support wide variety of tasks Examples: a. Network Servers b. Mainframe Computers c. Minicomputers d. Supercomputers Computers for Organizations Network Servers − often simply a powerful desktop − centralized powerful PC with special software and equipment − function as primary computers in networks − provide access to network resources − multiple servers are called server farms Server Farm Computers for Organizations Mainframes − powerful special-purpose computers used in large organizations − handle thousands of users User’s access is through a device called terminal Computers for Organizations Mainframes Two Types of Terminals: 1.Dumb Terminal −does not process or store data −simply an input/output device 1.Intelligent Terminal −performs some processing operation −has no storage Computers for Organizations Minicomputers − called midrange computers − power is between mainframe and desktop − handle hundreds of users − used in smaller organizations User’s access is through a device called terminal or a standard PC. Computers for Organizations Supercomputers − largest and most powerful computers − handle large and complex calculations − process more than one trillions calculations per second − found in research organizations COMPUTER COMPONENTS Computer Components Computer Hardware Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices. Peripheral devices are used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities. Computer Components Computer Hardware ystem Unit The case that holds the power supply, storage devices, and the circuit boards (including the motherboard). Computer Components Computer Hardware System Unit Computer Components Computer Hardware Motherboard It is the primary circuit in the computer, which consists of RAM, ROM, BIOS,CMOS, Processor Socket, etc. Computer Components Computer Hardware rocessor Central Processing Unit) he part of the computer that controls the execution of program instructions. The primary chip of the system that manages all the other components of the computer. Computer Components Computer Hardware Processor (Central Processing Unit)  Computer Components Computer Hardware Input Devices- Units that gather information and transform into series of electronic signals for the computer. Input is all information put into computer. It can be supplied from a variety of sources: ─ A person ─ A storage device on computer ─ Another computer A peripheral device, etc. Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Input Devices Keyboard It is a type of device that translates keystrokes into letters or numbers. The letters are then interpreted and based on the instructions given, commands are executed. Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Input Devices Mouse An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the device along the surface of a desk. Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Input Devices Joystick Computer Components Computer Hardware Peripheral Input Devices Scanners These are peripheral input devices which allow users to import: – Text – Graphics – Images Computer Components Computer Hardware eripheral Input Devices Digital Cameras These are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or movies in a digital format. Computer Components Computer Hardware utput Devices Devices that display, print, or transmit the results of processing from the computer’s memory. Computer Components Computer Hardware Primary Output Devices Monitor Resolution The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution. Pixel The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics. Computer Components Computer Hardware Primary Output Devices Types of Monitors Monochrome (CRT Monitor) Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Output Devices Types of Monitors Flat Monitor (CRT Monitor) Monitors have a flat display screen to reduce glare. Conventional display screens are curved, which makes them more susceptible to reflections from external light sources. Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Output Devices Types of Monitors Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) It is the technology used for displays in notebook and other smaller computers. It works on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it. Computer Components Computer Hardware rimary Output Devices Printer Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper. Computer Components Computer Hardware Primary Output Devices Types of Printers Bubble or Ink Jet Printer A printer that places ink on the paper by spraying droplets through tiny nozzles. Computer Components Computer Hardware Primary Output Devices Types of Printers Laser Jet Printer A printer that produces high quality printing and produces both text and graphical outputs. Computer Components Computer Hardware Primary Output Devices Types of Printers Dot Matrix Printer A printer that uses series of pins to create an image on paper. It is the most economical way to print information. Computer Components Computer Hardware Other Output Devices Projection systems or classroom TVs can display information from a computer system on a larger screen for whole- class instruction. Computer Components Computer Hardware Other Output Devices Speakers Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects. Computer Components Computer Hardware Storage Devices Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off. Different forms: Hard disks Floppy or zip disks Optical Discs Flash Discs Computer Components Computer Software Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task. Two Types: 1. System Software 2. Application Software Computer Components Computer Software System Software System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. – Operating Systems – Utilities Computer Components Computer Software System Software Operating System (OS) It is the master controller within a computer. Examples: - Microsoft Windows - MacOS - DOS - Etcetera Computer Components Computer Software System Software Utilities Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities. Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file. Computer Components Computer Software Application Software Accomplishes specific tasks for users. Enables a computer to become a multi- purpose machine. Computer Components Computer Software Application Software Productivity Software Spreadsheets Databases Presentation Software Document Preparation Word Processing esktop Publishing Project Management Software Computer Components Computer Software pplication Software Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management Groupware Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials Computer Components Computer Software rogramming Language Basic building blocks of any software. Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions that a computer can understand. Programming languages have some resemblance to the English language. Examples: C, Java, etc. COMPUTER NETWORKS Computer Networks Network A collection of computers and other devices that communicate to share data, hardware, and software. Computer Networks Networks Local Area Network (LAN) A network located in a limited area. Wide Area Network (WAN) A network that covers a large geographical area.  Computer Networks Networks The Internet The largest of all networks. Communication standards called protocols allow for global exchange of information. – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Internet Protocol (IP) Intranets These are LANs or WANs that use these communication standards or TCP/IP. Computer Networks Networks All types of networks require special networking hardware and networking software to allow different computers to communicate with each other.