Animal Production Department (PDF)

Animal Production Department Raw materials of animal origin Second Part By Dr. Sherif M. Dessouki Raw materials of animal origin Composition Structure Function Muscles Milk Egg ...

Animal Production Department Raw materials of animal origin Second Part By Dr. Sherif M. Dessouki Raw materials of animal origin Composition Structure Function Muscles Milk Egg  Objectives Understand the composition, structure and function of muscles, eggs and milk and their nutritional quality. Understand the nutritional quality of row materials  Classification of Agricultural Animals Agriculture animals followed the kingdom animalia The kingdom animalia is divided into twenty-seven phyla. Most agricultural animals belong to the phylum Chordata Chordata is divided into subphylas Vertebrata – animals with backbones The phyla and subphyla are further divided into classes. Agricultural animals such as horses, cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs belong to the class Mammalia. Classes are divided into smaller groups that categorize animals within a class that possess certain characteristics called orders.  The class Mammalia contains eighteen different orders including Primates – humans Artiodactyla – cows, goats, sheep, pigs The order Artiodactyla have three suborders. Ruminantia: deer, cattle, sheep  Orders and suborders still have to be broken down smaller. These are called families  The final categories of the scientific classification system are genus and species. The Genus and Species are also an animal’s scientific name. These are always Latin or latinized  Classification of Agricultural Animals Seven Levels of Classification Classification Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Sub phylum Vertebrata Vertebrata Vertebrata Vertebrata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Artiodactyla Artiodactyla Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminata Ruminata Ruminata Ruminata Family Bovidea Bovidea Bovidea Bovidea Genus Bos Bubalis Ovis Capra Species Taurus – Indicus bubalus Aries Hires  Classification of Breeds A breed of animals is defined as a group of animals with a common origin and common characteristics. Selective breeding :Choosing the best and desired animals and using those animals for breeding purposes. Purebreds: These are animals whose ancestors are of only one breed. A crossbreed is an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds  Classification of Breeds Breeding Association: An organization that promotes a certain breed of animal. They control the registration process of purebred animals of that breed. Crossbreeding: Sometimes species can be successfully crossed to produce new breeds. Dual Purpose Animals :An animal that is raised for more than one purpose.  Classifications of Farm Animals What are farm animals? Farm animals are animals which man has domesticated and reared for meat, eggs, milk and for other purposes. Farm animals in the world includes:- Poultry, cattle, donkeys, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, horses.  Classifications of Farm Animals Farm animals can be classified base on their digestive system and they are: 1.Ruminant/Poly-gastric animals: They are farm animals that have four chambered (complex) stomachs. They can easily digest complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and hermi-cellulose, and feed on grasses, legumes, shrubs and herbs. These farm animals having the ability to regurgitate uncompleted chewed food substances and re-chew. this is known as Rumination. Ruminant animals, including sheep, domestic cattle, goats, deer, and giraffes, have four-chambered stomachs  Classifications of Farm Animals 2.Non‐ Ruminants (Monogastric):These farm animals have only 1 stomach where digestion occur. They can not digest complex food substances therefore they depend largely on concentrates. examples: poultry and pigs. 3.Non‐Ruminant Herbivores: They have simple stomach and large cecum which is able to digest food substances by means of micro‐organisms. examples are: rabbits and Guinea pigs.  Types of Digestive Systems Monogastrics Ruminants Poultry Dogs Pigs Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Chickens Turkeys Cats Horses Goats Sheep Deer Ostrich Human  The Ruminant Digestive System Small intestine Rectum Cecum Rumen Esophagus Reticulum Colon Omasum Abomasum  Ruminant Stomach Anatomy: „ Reticulum „ Rumen „ Omasum „ Abomasum  Digestion in the Mouth Prehension – Bringing the food to the mouth – Mechanisms vary with behavior and diet – Tongue: cow, buffaloes – Lips: Sheep and goats Mastication or chewing – To crush the food, increase surface area and allow enzymes to act on molecules Carnivores only to reduce the size of the particle to a size small enough to swallow Herbivores must chew continuously (40-50,000 times a day) to increase surface area  Ruminant Mouth - Teeth Function: – Reduce particle size Anatomy: – Upper dental pad „ Lower incisors „ Premolars „ Molars  Saliva „ From at least three paired glands „ Submaxillary, sublingual, parotid (50% of secretions) „ Aids in mastication, swallowing, forming bolus „ No digestive enzymes in the saliva of mature ruminants „ Provides N, P, S and Na for rumen microoganisms „ Buffering compounds to maintain rumen pH and mucin to prevent bloat  Salivation „ Quantity and composition of saliva varies considerably between species „ Quantity related to level of chewing activity „ Amount of secretion „ Dogs minimal (lubrication, no enzymes) „ Sheep 3-10 liters/d „ Horse 10-12 liters/d „ Cattle 130-180 liters/d  Parts of the Ruminant Stomach „ Rumen: ► Large, anaerobic fermentation vat. Rumen Capacity Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons 55-60 gallons Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons 5-10 gallons „ Rumen (continued): ► Houses microorganisms. 3Protozoa – 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid. 3Bacteria/fungi – 100 million per gram of rumen fluid. ► Functions of microorganisms. 3Digest roughages to make Amino Acids. ► Amino Acids absorbed in rumen. ► Lined with millions of papillae (short projections on wall of rumen) needed for absorption. Rumen (continued): ► Rumen saturated with gases and in constant motion. ► Contractions occur at a rate of 1-3 per minute. 3Serve to mix contents, aid in mixing of gases, and move fluid and fermented feedstuffs into the omasum.  The Four Compartmented Stomach Rumen: storage area and fermentation vat Reticulum: nails and wire may be found here‐hardware stomach Omasum: eliminates excess water from feed Abomasum: true stomach, gastric juices and enzymes are secreted Reticulum Omasum Abomasum  Stomach Regions Esophageal – Non‐glandular Cardiac – Secretes mucus Fundic – Parietal cells – Chief cells Pyloric – Mucus  Gastric Glands Gland Type of Main constituents secretion Cardia Mucous Mucin Pylorus or Antrum Mucous Mucin Fundus acid Chief cells Enzyme Pepsinogen Pepsin Parietal cells Acid HCl  Stomach Secretions HCl Pepsinogen – Decreases pH (~2‐3) – Activated form is – Denatures protein pepsin – Kills bacteria – Activates pepsinogen – Hydrolyzes protein Mucus Rennin ƒ Protects lining from (abomasum) acid and enzymes – Clots milk ƒ Lubricant Lipase – Some species