Exploring Lifespan Development - History, Theory, and Research Strategies PDF

Chapter 1 Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk History, Theory, and Research Strategies...

Chapter 1 Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Developmental Science Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan © Blend Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The Field of Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Developmental Science  Scientific  Applied  Interdisciplinary © Irina Magrelo/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Theory Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk An orderly, integrated set of statements that  describes  explains  predicts behavior © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Basic Issues Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk in Development  Continuous or discontinuous?  One course of development or many?  Relative influence of nature and nurture? Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Contexts of Development Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change © xanirakx/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Basic Issues Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Nature vs. Nurture Nature Nurture  Hereditary  Physical and information social forces  Received from  Influences parents at biological and conception psychological development Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stability and Plasticity Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Stability Plasticity  Persistence of  Development is individual open to lifelong differences change  Lifelong patterns  Change occurs established by based on influential early experiences experiences Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Development as a Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Dynamic System  Ongoing process from conception to death  Molded by network of influences:  biological  psychological  social Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lifespan Perspective Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Development is  lifelong  multidimensional and multidirectional  highly plastic  influenced by multiple, interacting forces © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Periods of Development Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and toddlerhood Birth–2 years Early childhood 2–6 years Middle childhood 6–11 years Adolescence 11–18 years Early adulthood 18–40 years Middle adulthood 40–65 years Late adulthood 65 years–death Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Major Domains Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk of Development Figure 1.2 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Influences on Development Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Multiple, interacting forces:  Age-graded  History-graded  Nonnormative © auremar/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Resilience Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development  Factors in resilience:  personal characteristics  warm parental relationship  social support outside family  community resources and © iofoto/Shutterstock opportunities Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lifespan View of Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Development Figure 1.3 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Scientific Beginnings Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Darwin Theory of evolution Hall, Gesell Normative approach Binet Mental testing movement Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Early Scientific Theories Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Theory of evolution  Natural selection  Survival of the fittest  Normative approach  Child study movement  Development as a maturational process  Mental testing movement  First successful intelligence test  In forefront of nature–nurture controversy Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Psychoanalytic Perspective Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Freud and Erikson  Emphasis on individual’s unique life history  Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations © szefei/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Id  Largest portion of the mind  Source of biological needs/desires  Conscious, rational part of personality Ego  Emerges in early infancy  Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways  The conscience Superego  Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Oral  Anal  Phallic  Latency  Genital © GWImages/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth–1 year Autonomy vs. shame/doubt 1–3 years Initiative vs. guilt 3–6 years Industry vs. inferiority 6–11 years Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy vs. isolation Early adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood Integrity vs. despair Late adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Behaviorism and Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Social Learning Theory Classical Stimulus–response conditioning Operant Reinforcers and conditioning punishments Social learning Social-cognitive theory approach Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Behaviorism and Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Social Learning Theory  Contributions:  behavior modification  modeling, observational learning  Limitations:  narrow view of environmental influences  underestimates individual’s active role Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Piaget’s Cognitive- Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Developmental Theory  Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world.  Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment.  Development moves through four broad stages. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Piaget’s Stages Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sensorimotor  Preoperational  Concrete operational  Formal operational © Odua Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Information Processing Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  View of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system  Development as a continuous process  Use of rigorous research methods  Little insight into creativity or imagination Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns  Brings together researchers from  psychology  biology  neuroscience  medicine  Practical applications Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Ethology Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior  Acquisition of adaptive behaviors:  critical period  sensitive period © Nick Biemans/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Evolutionary Developmental Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Psychology  Adaptive value of  cognitive  emotional  social competencies as they change with age  Person–environment system throughout the lifespan Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s  values  beliefs  customs  skills  Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society © Andresr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Ecological Systems Theory Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Ecological Systems Theory Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Layers of the environment:  microsystem  mesosystem  exosystem  macrosystem  Chronosystem: © Zurijeta/Shutterstock temporal dimension Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Common Research Methods Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Systematic observation:  Naturalistic observation  Structured observation  Self-reports:  Clinical interview  Structured interview, questionnaires, tests  Clinical, or case study, method  Ethnography Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Systematic Observation Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Naturalistic Structured Observation Observation  Observation of  Observation of behavior in natural behavior in laboratory contexts  Gives all participants  Reflects participants’ opportunity to display everyday lives behavior Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Self-Reports Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Clinical Structured Interview Interview  Conversational style  All participants are  Probes for asked the same participant’s questions in the viewpoint same way  Provides large amount  Permits comparisons of information in brief and efficient data period collection Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Clinical/Case Study Method Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Full picture of individual’s psychological functioning  Combines information from  interviews  observations  test scores Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Ethnography Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Participant observation of culture or social group  Rich, descriptive insights  Does not permit generalization from findings © skyfish/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  General Research Designs Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Correlational Experimental  Reveals relationships  Participants randomly between participants’ assigned to treatment characteristics and conditions behavior  Detects cause-and-  Does not permit effect relationships cause-and-effect  Findings may not inferences apply in real-world conditions Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Experimental Design Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Independent Dependent Variable Variable  Manipulated by  Measured, but not experimenter manipulated, by  Expected to cause experimenter changes in another  Expected to be variable influenced by independent variable Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Random Assignment Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions  Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions © iofoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Modified Experiments Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Field Experiment Natural/Quasi-  Conducted in Experiment  Compares existing natural settings  Capitalizes on differences in treatment existing  Participant groups opportunities for random matched as much assignment as possible Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Developmental Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Research Designs Same group studied Longitudinal at different times Different groups studied Cross-sectional at the same time Compares similar Sequential cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Problems in Conducting Longitudinal Research Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Participant dropout  Practice effects  Cohort effects © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Improving Developmental Designs Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sequential designs  Compare several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies  Permit longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons  Combining experimental and developmental designs  Experimental manipulation of experiences  Provides evidence of causal association between experiences and development Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Rights of Research Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Participants  Protection from harm  Informed consent  Privacy  Knowledge of results  Beneficial treatments © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.