Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy PDF

Notebook Export Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy Fall, Kevin A.; Holden, Janice Miner; Marquis, Andre Citation (APA): Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2023). Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy [Kindle iOS version]. Retrieved from...

Notebook Export Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy Fall, Kevin A.; Holden, Janice Miner; Marquis, Andre Citation (APA): Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2023). Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy [Kindle iOS version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com 1 Introduction Highlight(yellow) - Page 1 · Location 121 Your choices are crucial; they will influence the direction of the session and the experience your client has in the session. Highlight(yellow) - Page 1 · Location 125 Good application of theory brings some sense of order and meaning to what otherwise would be a meaningless jumble of data. Highlight(yellow) - Page 1 · Location 128 In essence, a counseling theory is the story of a person. It is the theorist’s story of each human being’s life, including your life—and each of your clients’ lives. Highlight(yellow) - Page 2 · Location 142 Counseling theory constitutes an organized, consistent way for you to anticipate, understand, and respond to the variety of clients and issues you will encounter as a counselor. Highlight(yellow) - Page 2 · Location 143 Counseling theory is your guidebook about how to accompany and assist clients in the journey of change. Highlight(yellow) - Page 2 · Location 145 The guide can feel secure in the structure the guidebook provides yet retain flexibility to respond to unique situations that will inevitably arise. Highlight(yellow) - Page 2 · Location 150 counseling theory provides a basis for counselors, both in their own experiences and through larger-scale research, to evaluate and improve their service to clients. Highlight(yellow) - Page 2 · Location 154 a key feature of a counselor’s defense in the case of a malpractice suit is the ability to justify one’s treatment based on theory that is supported by the traditional and/ or current professional literature. Highlight(yellow) - Page 3 · Location 166 each theory includes its own beliefs about how people are innately endowed, how the environment influences people, how people develop, what constitutes preferable modes of functioning, how people change, and how counseling facilitates that change—and the beliefs of each theory in some way contradict the beliefs of every other theory. Highlight(yellow) - Page 4 · Location 193 Each one represents the perspective of a separate school of thought that developed sometime between 1900 and around 1980; their development constituted the first phase of the history of psychotherapy Highlight(yellow) - Page 4 · Location 195 Culminating in the 1980s, some theorists and researchers pursued an integrative perspective, seeking to identify commonalities and reconcile differences between the separate schools; these pursuits constituted the second phase. Highlight(yellow) - Page 4 · Location 198 some theorists and researchers assumed a metaperspective—rising above the various perspectives themselves to take an overview to see how the various theories might fit together—and began developing unifying theories. Highlight(yellow) - Page 4 · Location 204 Most beginning counselors find this plethora of theoretical perspectives rather dizzying. Highlight(yellow) - Page 4 · Location 209 every counseling theory is limited to the degree that it reflects the theorist’s own unique take on human experience and behavior. Highlight(yellow) - Page 5 · Location 217 counseling theory can become a perceptual filter through which a counselor might miss, dismiss, misinterpret, or deny important data about a client. Highlight(yellow) - Page 5 · Location 222 The answer might seem to be to focus on a unifying metatheory, because it’s likely to be more comprehensive. The problem is that such a theory, to a neophyte counselor-in-preparation, can seem overwhelming. Highlight(yellow) - Page 5 · Location 236 we believe the best alternative is for a student counselor to identify one guidebook—one separate-school theoretical basis—and master the complexity and intricacy of that approach as a foundation for practice. Highlight(yellow) - Page 6 · Location 241 The mindful student will also remain aware that one’s identification of a guiding theory—one’s best current answer to the question of a guiding theory—will evolve as one continues to learn both didactically and clinically/ experientially and continues to assess the truth value of one’s identified theory Highlight(yellow) - Page 6 · Location 256 no one counseling Highlight(yellow) - Page 6 · Location 257 approach has emerged as clearly superior to all others Highlight(yellow) - Page 6 · Location 262 what works and what doesn’t may not be the same for all people. Highlight(yellow) - Page 7 · Location 273 At the most fundamental level of how counseling theorists see people—people’s nature, how they develop, and how they change—wise and thoughtful theorists disagree. Highlight(yellow) - Page 7 · Location 318 Of the counselors who specify one guiding theory, in some studies they indicate psychodynamic (as represented in this text by Chapter 3), whereas in others they identify cognitive-behavioral and existential theories followed by psychodynamic, person-centered, and system approaches. Highlight(yellow) - Page 9 · Location 334 discover to which theory you initially, philosophically have the strongest allegiance and then use that theory as a starting place for your practice of counseling Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 385 you value a counselor whose guiding theory of counseling is complete, clear, consistent, concrete, current, creative, and conscious: the seven Cs. Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 393 it is a process of identification. We use this term in two senses. One is in the sense that you are sure to identify with or resonate with the different theories to various degrees and identify with one more than the others. The other sense is in relation to the concept of your identity: that your guiding theory of counseling is a reflection of your identity, of who you are. Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 398 Watts (1993) developed a four-stage model to describe the process of identifying a guiding theory. Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 399 exploration stage, Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 402 The goal of the exploration stage is to begin to compare and contrast your beliefs and values with those represented in the various theories. Highlight(yellow) - Page 12 · Location 403 enter the second stage, examination, by identifying from among all the theories the one that seems closest to your views. Highlight(yellow) - Page 13 · Location 409 if you begin to feel that the fit between theory and yourself is awkward, then return to the exploration stage Highlight(yellow) - Page 13 · Location 411 examination stage by beginning to apply your theory with clients under supervision Highlight(yellow) - Page 14 · Location 433 third and fourth stages include taking the mesh between theory and personal values to a level of integration and personalization. Highlight(yellow) - Page 14 · Location 434 Integration occurs when you have assimilated the theory such that you think and act according to the theory in a way that is consistent and that feels natural and spontaneous. Highlight(yellow) - Page 14 · Location 438 Personalization involves a lifelong commitment to refining, expanding, and clarifying your personal beliefs, values, knowledge, and skills in continuing to develop an internally consistent and ever-richer approach to counseling. Highlight(yellow) - Page 14 · Location 441 your achievement of the last two stages depends largely on your investment in the process as you proceed professionally after graduation. Highlight(yellow) - Page 16 · Location 488 A crucial ingredient in the evaluation of a counseling theory is the extent to which the theory has incorporated, or could incorporate, information that has been discovered since the theory was created. Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 505 For most personality traits, genes explain at least 30% and up to 50%, of the variance in the trait (Gatz, 1990, p. 601). Environmental factors—all effects except genetic—explain the remaining 50% to 70% of variance (Gatz, 1990, p. 601). Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 508 Of the environmental factors that explain the remaining variance, shared factors, such as growing up in the same family, have little or no influence on personality traits. Rather, nonshared experiences, those unique to the individual, have the greatest effect (Gatz, 1990, p. 601). Therefore, “parenting styles and traditional family variables may be relatively unimportant in understanding problem behavior” (Baker & Clark, 1990, p. 598). Rather, in understanding the environmental contribution to the development of a particular personality trait, counselors might do well to focus on a client’s unique experiences with caregivers or other people or situations (Baker & Clark, 1990, pp. 598–599). Unique experiences include such things as illness, accidents, specific interactions with a specific caregiver, and receiving awards. It should be noted that some critics have questioned the validity of this particular assertion. Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 516 Caregiver behavior may be the result rather than the cause of a child’s genetically predisposed behavior, a kind of “reverse causality” (Rowe, 1990, p. 609). “Genes may be expressed at one age and not another” or only under specific circumstances (Baker & Clark, 1990, p. 599). Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 519 “Biology is not necessarily destiny” (Baker & Clark, 1990, p. 599). When a genetic influence is known to exist, environmental accommodations often can maximize or minimize the genetic influence. Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 521 Several phenomena that are the focus of counseling or are addressed in counseling have a known or a strongly suspected genetic influence: schizophrenia, depression, manic depression, and Alzheimer’s disease (Gatz, 1990); chronic anxiety and panic disorder (Carey, 1990); reading disabilities (LaBuda et al., 1990); antisocial behavior (Raine & Dunkin, 1990); extreme introversion (Ellis & Robbins, 1990); and substance addiction (Leshner, 2001). Highlight(yellow) - Page 17 · Location 528 The prevailing view in the mental health field is that distressing psychological symptoms are the result of some combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. Even more specifically, in the diathesis-stress model (Elwood et al., 2009), two factors, genetic endowment and early learning, create some degree of latent vulnerability to or protection from psychopathology that later manifests when a person encounters particular type( s) and intensity( s) of stressors. Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 538 1952, the American Psychiatric Association published the first edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 539 The most recent fifth edition text revision, DSM-5-TR, was published in 2022 Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 540 The purpose of these publications was to identify categories of, establish nationally acceptable nomenclature and descriptions of, and determine incidences for the various mental disorders. Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 545 “the current diagnostic criteria are the best available description of how mental disorders are expressed and can be recognized by trained clinicians” Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 547 The acceptability of diagnosis—and even of the concept of “mental disorder”— varies from one counseling theory to another. Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 552 DSM authors claim its categorizing system is atheoretical, critics have pointed out how the authors’ empirical approach—focusing on patterns of individual behavior as they appear from outside the individual—is based in theory. This approach results in a neglect of factors that are clearly included and considered important in at least some counseling theories: contextual factors in diagnosis, such as clients’ subjective meanings, cultures, and systems Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 559 It remains for the DSM to integrate cultural considerations—as well as considerations of legitimate subjective individual meanings and of systemic factors such as race and socioeconomic level (a tendency to overdiagnose racial minorities and members of lower socioeconomic groups)—into a holistic approach to diagnosis that potentially includes all aspects of all theories. Highlight(yellow) - Page 18 · Location 561 Rather than seek to be atheoretical—a goal we consider impossible—the DSM authors could render the resource more acceptable to counselors identified with a wide range of counseling theories by making the document more pan theoretical: including in an integrated way the contexts addressed in all theories of counseling. Highlight(yellow) - Page 19 · Location 571 Some research has indicated that psychoactive medication can be as effective as, or even more effective than, psychotherapy, at least in the short run; other research has indicated the superiority of psychotherapy over psychoactive medication; and yet other research has indicated that medication in conjunction with psychotherapy is often most effective (Holiner Psychiatric Group, 1998). Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 588 the typical arrangement was for the client to choose the psychotherapist, for the psychotherapist to determine the length of therapy and therapeutic approach, Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 590 Since about 1980, managed care has changed that process. Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 591 Managed care refers to health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and government-funded programs such as Medicaid and Medicare Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 604 increasing tendency for mental health professionals to identify their theoretical orientation as “eclectic” (Bechtoldt et al., 2001). Eclecticism means Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 608 we believe it is simply impossible for a counselor to be atheoretical. Highlight(yellow) - Page 20 · Location 611 we also value consistency in thought; Highlight(yellow) - Page 21 · Location 620 Technical eclecticism involves the adoption or adaptation of a technique that grew out of a theory other than one’s own guiding theory. Highlight(yellow) - Page 21 · Location 624 Those who are theoretically pure and technically eclectic find flexibility while achieving self-awareness and internal consistency. Highlight(yellow) - Page 24 · Location 678 At least half of clients will achieve a beneficial outcome in 5 to 10 counseling sessions, whereas one-fi fth to one-third will need more than 25 sessions. Highlight(yellow) - Page 24 · Location 681 poor motivation, hostility, a history of poor relationships, and passivity in the counseling process. Highlight(yellow) - Page 24 · Location 682 help them adopt an active role in their progress, help them expect the likelihood of temporary setbacks, and help them rehearse how to handle such setbacks. Highlight(yellow) - Page 24 · Location 683 40% of positive outcome in psychotherapy can be attributed to extratherapeutic factors, Highlight(yellow) - Page 25 · Location 690 15% of positive outcome can be attributed to the client’s expectation of improvement, a factor for which both the client and the therapist share responsibility. Highlight(yellow) - Page 25 · Location 693 30% of beneficial outcome can be attributed to the therapeutic relationship, on which the counselor exerts the most influence. Highlight(yellow) - Page 25 · Location 705 15% of beneficial outcome in psychotherapy can be attributed specifically to the techniques Highlight(yellow) - Page 26 · Location 722 Each theory consists of a unique system of beliefs about how people are innately endowed, develop, and change. Highlight(yellow) - Page 26 · Location 727 your guiding theory can be a resource to which you turn when you’re feeling challenged in your work with a particular client.