Intro to Philosophy PDF

Intro to philosophy 1ST SEMESTER | 2ND QUARTER FREEDOM & RESPONSIBILITIES Freedom is understood to be present Freedom - power or right to act, speak, or think when one is choosing a course of action, as one wants without hindrance or restraints....

Intro to philosophy 1ST SEMESTER | 2ND QUARTER FREEDOM & RESPONSIBILITIES Freedom is understood to be present Freedom - power or right to act, speak, or think when one is choosing a course of action, as one wants without hindrance or restraints. and he or she is taking full responsibility Freedom of Choice for the consequences of these actions. the ability to exercise one’s freedom in any Intellectual Choice manner. a choice which is deliberately selected by law all human beings are entitled to based on a moral standpoint. make decisions for them in whatever way normative answers about what we ought they choose except when an absolute to do from a moral system choice harms or delimits self or others. Acceptable to the society Prudence Prescriptive, Imaginary, Hypothetical. an act of making good judgement that Practical Choice allows a person to avoid risk. borne out of psychological and emotional being cautious at all times. considerations done to prevent harm. are made when confronted with the actual determines effects beforehand to avoid situation risk. usually affected by psychological aspect of Acts of Man - actions shared by humans and the person embroiled in the moral situation other animals. or dilemma Human Acts - refer to the appropriate actions of INTERSUBJECTIVITY human beings. - refers to shared meanings constructed by Voluntary Act - under the control or direction of people in their interactions with each other. the will, which is proper to man. - interaction between the self and the other DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN ACTS - mutual recognition of each other as a person Knowledge - an action performed by a conscious Totalization - occurs when one limits the other to agent who is aware of its action and its a set of rational categories, be they racial, sexual consequences. or otherwise. Freedom - it must be performed by an agent who Empathy - the ability to share emotions. is acting freely, without any external factors Availability - the willingness of a person to be affecting its actions. present and be at disposal of another. Voluntariness - it must be performed by an agent The Ethics of Care - is an ethical theory that who decides willfully to perform the act. emphasizes the moral dimension of relationship QUALITIES OF ACTS OF MAN and interactions. Done without knowledge Seeming - actions where an individual presents Without consent himself/herself in a certain way when dealing with Involuntary others. Aristotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and Involuntary Dialogue - an interaction between people that Actions happens through speech, expressions, and body 1. Voluntary Actions language. a. Voluntary - performed from will and reason Martin Buber b. Compulsion - voluntary and involuntary; It - a Jewish philosopher had a great interest is more voluntary if the desire and choice in the study of relating ourselves to others. has been performed and involuntary if it - He said that "I" or yourself, can only be has considered preferences or realized through recognition of "others." alternatives. - The "I" cannot be aware of its uniqueness 2. Involuntary Actions - are acts done under a) and existence without encountering the force or coercion and b) ignorance where doer "other." failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on “I-I” relationship the result. - Making themselves the center of the Classifications of Involuntary Actions conversation. A. Under compulsion - beyond the control of the - They don’t really listen to others. agent. “I-It” relationship B. Through ignorance of particular circumstances. - Objectifying others According to John Mothershead - Considering others as a mere object to freedom and obligation are two satisfy personal interests. indispensable conditions for morality to “I-Thou” relationship occur - Genuine sharing of one another. Intro to philosophy 1ST SEMESTER | 2ND QUARTER - The I treats the person as a Thou (you) FEUDAL SOCIETY Authentic Dialogue Based on the ownership of the land. - is a form of interpersonal communication Originated during the Medieval Age in which occurs when people recognize that Western Europe. they are part of a greater whole and can Members of society are organized based relate with others within the whole. on status THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY Due to the lack of effective centralized Information Superhighway - computer government during this period, kings and hardware, software and systems in terms of lords granted land and provided protection contribution to society as basic tools enabling fast to lesser nobles known as vassals. and efficient transfer of information. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Society - An organized group of people whose An industrial society is based on the use members interact frequently and have a common of specialized machinery in the production territory and culture. of goods and services. Social Contract Theory - -Individuals enter into a Work is done in factories and public kind of agreement with one another to form a education is more prevalent. society. Individual members put aside their The capitalist or business owners are self-interest in order to create a community where considered the most influential. they may live in harmony with others. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY is marked by the establishment of HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY societies based on knowledge, Earliest and simplest form of society information, and the sale of services. Small size and is composed mainly of Trend has shifted from industry to the families generation, storage, manipulation, and They are nomadic because they spend sale of information. most of their time searching for food and Members have higher educational thus, have no permanent territory. attainment, better training, and specialized Members are generally treated equally, roles and decisions are usually arrived at ”Virtual Society” through a consensus. Human Person as Oriented Towards Their PASTORAL SOCIETY Impending Death Characterized by the domestication of - Death is commonly understood as the end of animals for food for a more stable and bodily functions which signals the end of a predictable food supply. person's life. Larger populations than hunting and It also refers to the separation of the body and the gathering societies. Remain longer in one spirit. place. - The body, being material, is bound by laws of Often produce surplus food and time and space and is subject to growth, death, resources, which they trade with other and decay. societies. 1. Terminus which means the full stop or end of HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY line. Primary engages in the small-scale 2. Telos which means “goal, purpose, or cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables fulfillment”. Death is not the goal of life. and the domestication of animals. The goods or sources of happiness Semi-nomadic, they travel to another Noble Good is pursued for its own sake; it is place when they have already depleted good in itself. (love and friendship) the resources in one area. Useful good is considered good so long as it Their behaviors and actions were serves a means to an end; its goodness is found restricted by tradition. only from what it can provide. (money) Assignment of tasks and occupations Pleasurable good is good as long as it provides were often based on gender. a form of pleasure, though it does not have to be AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY physical. (Netflix subscription) Evolution of the pastoral and horticultural societies. This society is characterized by improved technology and the use of tools to aid in farming.