Introduction to Linguistics - Main Topics PDF

MAIN TOPICS OF THE 'ITNRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS' +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | WEEK | TOPIC | L.OUTCOME | METHODOLO | RESOURCES | ASSESMENT | | | | S | GY | | | +===========+===========+===...

MAIN TOPICS OF THE 'ITNRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS' +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | WEEK | TOPIC | L.OUTCOME | METHODOLO | RESOURCES | ASSESMENT | | | | S | GY | | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | 1 | Introduct | Show | | | | | | ion | interest | | | | | | of the | and | | | | | | course | appreciat | | | | | | | ion | | | | | | contents, | of | | | | | | activitie | | | | | | | s | the | | | | | | and | importanc | | | | | | | e | | | | | | requireme | of | | | | | | nts. | knowing | | | | | | | the | | | | | | Getting | | | | | | | to know | course/su | | | | | | activity. | bject. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ice | | | | | | | breaker's | | | | | | | activity. | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 2 | The | Show | | | | | | Nature of | understan | | | | | | Linguisti | ding | | | | | | cs | on the | | | | | | | | | | | | | The | nature | | | | | | Different | and basic | | | | | | Branches | concepts | | | | | | | of | | | | | | /Classifi | | | | | | | cation | linguisti | | | | | | of | cs | | | | | | Linguisti | including | | | | | | cs | its | | | | | | | | | | | | | The | component | | | | | | Nature of | s. | | | | | | Language | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Character | | | | | | | istics | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | Language | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 3 | Phonetics | Explain | | | | | | | the | | | | | | Branches | nature of | | | | | | of | phonetics | | | | | | Phonetics | | | | | | | | and its | | | | | | | importanc | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | language. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Different | | | | | | | iate | | | | | | | the three | | | | | | | branches | | | | | | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | phonetics | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 4 | Parts of | Identify | | | | | | Vocal | the parts | | | | | | Organ | of the | | | | | | | vocal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | organ. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Familiari | | | | | | | ze | | | | | | | with the | | | | | | | function | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | | | | | | each | | | | | | | organ | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 5 | Speech | Discuss | | | | | | Productio | how a | | | | | | n | person | | | | | | /Speech | produces | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mechanism | speech. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Value the | | | | | | | importanc | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | | | | | | producing | | | | | | | correct | | | | | | | speech | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 6 | Voice, | Determine | | | | | | Place and | the | | | | | | Manner of | voice, | | | | | | | place and | | | | | | Articulat | | | | | | | ion | manner of | | | | | | | articulat | | | | | | | ion. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Produce | | | | | | | sounds | | | | | | | properly | | | | | | | | | | | | | | consideri | | | | | | | ng | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | voice, | | | | | | | place and | | | | | | | | | | | | | | manner of | | | | | | | articulat | | | | | | | ion. | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 7 | Internati | Show | | | | | | onal | confidenc | | | | | | Phonetic | e | | | | | | | in | | | | | | Alphabet | recognizi | | | | | | (IPA) | ng | | | | | | | | | | | | | Vowels, | the | | | | | | Consonant | Internati | | | | | | s | onal | | | | | | and | Phonetic | | | | | | | | | | | | | Diphthong | Alphabet | | | | | | s | symbols. | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 8 | MIDTERMS | | | | | | | EXAMINATI | | | | | | | ON | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 9-10 | Phonology | Define | | | | | | | what is | | | | | | Syllable | phonology | | | | | | Structure | and | | | | | | | | | | | | | Phonologi | phonemes | | | | | | cal | | | | | | | Process | Determine | | | | | | | phonemes | | | | | | | of a word | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Recognize | | | | | | | syllable | | | | | | | structure | | | | | | |. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Show | | | | | | | understan | | | | | | | ding | | | | | | | on the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | different | | | | | | | phonologi | | | | | | | cal | | | | | | | process | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 11 | Suprasegm | Recognize | | | | | | ental | the | | | | | | Features | varieties | | | | | | of | of | | | | | | | | | | | | | Language | suprasegm | | | | | | | ental | | | | | | | features | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | | | | | | language | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Give | | | | | | | examples | | | | | | | for each | | | | | | | of the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | features | | | | | | | discussed | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 12-13 | Basic | Define | | | | | | Concepts | morpholog | | | | | | of | y | | | | | | | and the | | | | | | Morpholog | basic | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | terminolo | | | | | | Classific | gies | | | | | | ation | in | | | | | | of | morpholog | | | | | | Morphemes | y | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tree | Show | | | | | | Diagram | understan | | | | | | | ding | | | | | | | on the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | purpose | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | studying | | | | | | | morpholog | | | | | | | y. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Parse | | | | | | | words to | | | | | | | show its | | | | | | | | | | | | | | morphemes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Different | | | | | | | iate | | | | | | | inflectio | | | | | | | nal | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | | | | | | derivatio | | | | | | | nal | | | | | | | morphemes | | | | | | |. | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 14 | Root, | Different | | | | | | Stem and | iate | | | | | | Base | root, | | | | | | | stem and | | | | | | | base | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Give | | | | | | | examples | | | | | | | for root, | | | | | | | stem and | | | | | | | | | | | | | | base | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 15 | Word | Determine | | | | | | Formation | the | | | | | | Processes | different | | | | | | | word | | | | | | | | | | | | | | formation | | | | | | | processes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Provide | | | | | | | examples | | | | | | | for each | | | | | | | of the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | word | | | | | | | formation | | | | | | | processes | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 16-17 | Syntax | Define | | | | | | | syntax | | | | | | Parsing | | | | | | | of | Familiari | | | | | | Sentences | ze | | | | | | | syntactic | | | | | | | al | | | | | | | rules | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Do tree | | | | | | | diagramin | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | sentences | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 18 | FINAL | | | | | | | EXAMINATI | | | | | | | ON | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ PHONETICS Is the study of sounds of language. These are called "phonemes". - is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production and classification of the world's speech sounds. The production of speech looks at the interaction of different vocal organs, for example the lips, tongue and teeth, to produce particular sounds. PHONEMES Are also a set of speech sounds that are identified by a native speaker at the same sound. EXAMPLES: "tar", "eight", "writer", "star" - "that" (t) sound in these examples that are identified by a native speaker as the same sound. ORIGIN OF PHONETICS Phonetics was first ever studied over 2,500 years ago, around 500 BC in India. The theorist who studied this area of linguistics was called "Panini" and he focused his work on the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit -- the ancient language which was his native tongue. The study of phonetics has advanced greatly since then but Panini's work has had a lasting effect with the major Indic alphabets (which are alphabetic-syllabary writing systems used throughout south, central and eastern Asia) still ordering their consonants according to Panini's original classification. IMPORTANT DATES - 500 BC -- the first texts written relating to phonetics were by the Indian grammarian Panini discussing the articulation of the language Sanskrit. - 1802 -- Erasmus Darwin conducted the first recorded phonetic study on a live human, by inserting a tin foil into a speaker's mouth and asking him to produce different sounds. Darwin was able to determine the tongue positions used by the indents made on the foil. - 1845-1912 -- Henry sweet published "A Handbook of Phonetics" which gained international scholarly attention. He also founded the British School of Phonetics. - 1886 -- Paul Passy founded the international Phonetics Association in Paris. Passy also used phonetics to explain sound change over time. - 1881-1967 -- Daniel Jones was the first linguist to use the term "phoneme" in the western world. He wrote the English pronouncing dictionary in 1917, which gained much recognition. ACCOUSTIC PHONETICS This is the study of the sounds made by the human vocal organs for communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through from the speaker's mouth through the air to the hearer's ear, through the form of vibration in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment like Oscillographs and Spectrographs in order to analyze things like the frequency and duration of the sound wave produced. AUDITORY PHONETICS This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory nerve perceive the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological processes involved in the reception of speech. ECG's and other ways of directly measuring the brain are important -- just like in speech production -- but a lot of study is still done by exposing subjects to sounds in large quantities and analyzing what they say they can hear. PHYSICAL ASPECTS - The anatomy of the ear - Functions of the ear COGNITIVE ASPECTS - Intelligibility of speech - Perception of vowels and consonants ARTICULATORY PHONETICS This is interested in the movement of various parts of the vocal tract during speech. The vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where the air passes in the production of speech. In simpler terms which bit of the mouth movies when we make sounds. A real-time or recorded MRI lets us actually watch the vocal tract, and see how it changes during speech. Ultrasound Tongue Imagining involves sending ultrasound waves through the tongue from various angles, and comparing the time taken to receive the echo. A gap between the tongue and palate will show up in the image as a line. Palatography involves using a coloring agent (such as dye) on a speaker's tongue or the roof of their mouth to identify which part of the mouth is used when producing different sounds.