Intro.-to-General-Botany.pptx

I NTROD U C TI O N TO BOTA NY Prepared by: Sarah P. Balubal, LPT, MST  BOTANY Is a branch of biology which deals with the study of plants. How plants function, what they look like, how are related to each other, how they grow, how people make use of plants,...

I NTROD U C TI O N TO BOTA NY Prepared by: Sarah P. Balubal, LPT, MST  BOTANY Is a branch of biology which deals with the study of plants. How plants function, what they look like, how are related to each other, how they grow, how people make use of plants, and how plants evolved. Phytology  THEOPHRASTUS Study and write about the diseases of trees, cereals and legumes in his book “Enquiry into Plants”. Classified plants based on forms: a. Herbs, Shrubs, Trees b. Annuals, Perennials, Biennials BRANCHES OF BOTANY Morphology – study of external structure of plant. Anatomy – study of internal structure of plant. Histology – the study of tissues. Cytology – the study of cells. Plant Physiology – the study of various vital activities of the plant. Plant Breeding – the development of improved varieties of plants. Taxonomy – study of classification of the plants. BRANCHES OF BOTANY Ecology – relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. Plant Geography – distribution of plants on earth. Genetics – the study of heredity and variation. Embryology – the study of embryos and their development. BRANCHES OF BOTANY Economic Botany – the study of the relationship between people and plants. Plant Pathology – the study of the different types of disease of plants, their symptoms, causal agent and methods of control. Biochemistry – study of chemicals of plants. BRANCHES OF BOTANY Palynology – study of pollen grains. Agronomy – study of crop plants. Horticulture - the study of flowering and fruiting plants. Pharmacognosy – study of medicinal plants. Microbiology – study of microorganisms Genetic Engineering – adding, removing or repairing part of genetic material, thereby changing the phenotype organism as desired. BRANCHES OF BOTANY Paleobotany – study of fossil plants. Bryology – study of bryophytes, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Arboriculture – study of propagation of trees. Orchidology – study of orchids Pteridology – study of Pteridophytes and Ferns. Rhodology – study of roses Pomology – study of fruits and nuts.  MAJOR PLANT CATEGORIES AND ASSOCIATED GROUPS Flowering plants Conifers Ferns, horsetails and club mosses Mosses and liverworts Algae Fungi Lichens BOTANY AS A SCIENCE Food Medicines Shelter Industrial value Fibres Eco-friendly ROLES OF PLANTS IN THE BIOSPHERE  UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF LIFE The unifying themes of life give us an idea of how each of these themes contributes to the connection and interaction of living organisms and their environment. Unicellular or Multicellular  METABOLISM All living things use energy. The sum of all chemical processes that maintain the living state of an organism is called metabolism. What is the purpose of metabolism in plants and animals?  HOMEOSTASIS All living things maintain stable conditions. Defined as a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. How do plant cells maintain homeostasis?  REPRODUCTION All living things reproduce. Sexual or Asexual What is the main purpose of reproduction in plants?  HEREDITY All organisms possess a genetic system that is based on the replication and duplication of a long molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). What are some inherited traits in plants? A SET OF CHARACTERISTICS DISTINGUISHES PLANTS FROM OTHER ORGANISMS 1. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotes. - In modern classification, the most basic distinction between organisms is at the level of the cell- between eukaryotes and prokaryote. Plants are among the eukaryotes. 2. Almost all plants are capable of photosynthesis. Since plant can make their own food through photosynthesis, they are known as autotrophs (self feeders). A SET OF CHARACTERISTICS DISTINGUISHES PLANTS FROM OTHER ORGANISMS 3. Plants have cell walls composed mainly of cellulose. 4. Plants have two adult forms that alternate in producing each other. One of these adult forms makes spores, reproductive cells that can develop into adult without fusing with another reproductive cell. The other adult form makes either sperm or eggs. CLASSIFYING LIVING ORGANISMS Carl Von Linné Swedish Botanist (1707-1778) Binomial Nomenclature Separated all life into 2 kingdoms 6 KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria KINGDOM PLANTAE Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Multicellular Cells Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, Ferns, Conifers, Flowering Plants LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION  THE SCINTIFIC METHOD What is Science? - is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.  HOW IS SCIENCE DONE? Science begin with an observation. Problem/Question Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation. A problem or a question must first be identified. OBSERVATION/RESEARCH Make observations and research your topic of interest. Ex: How much water can a root hair absorb? Why does the plant stem bend toward the lights? What effect does the temperature have on heart rate?  FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS A possible explanation to the question or problem. It is simply a prediction and has not yet been proven or disproven. Example: 1. If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.  EXPERIMENT Develop and follow a procedure. Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis  COLLECT AND ANALYZE RESULTS Confirm the results by testing. Modify the procedure if needed. Include tables, graphs and photographs.  CONCLUSION Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure. COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS Expect questions and criticism from the researchers and the audiences. Present or Publish Report the results of your experiment to let others know what you have learned.