Medical Terminology Part 1 - Introduction to Medicine PDF

Introduction to medicine{L1} ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ SHAWABKEH ‫د وا كة‬ ‫م‬ Medical Terminology part 1...

Introduction to medicine{L1} ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ SHAWABKEH ‫د وا كة‬ ‫م‬ Medical Terminology part 1 ‫اتفاق قبل ما نبدا اي حرف‬ ‫هاي المادة من ازخم مواد الفصل يعني موادك كلهن كوم وهاي المادة كوم ثاني حلو ؟؟؟ يعني نبلش اول باول عشان نوصل ل اعلى‬ !!!‫ديل؟ ديل‬, ‫العالمات واي سؤال يجي ببالك ابعثلي باي وقنت‬ ‫يال بسم هللا جهزلي دفترك ويا رب‬ ‫شو يعني انترو ؟؟؟؟ هي مادة فيها محاضرة مقدمة من كل مادة رح تاخذها بالطب زين ؟؟؟‬ ❖ Most medical terms have a basic structure: ) ‫(اي مصطلح طبي يتكون من تركيب اساسي وهو‬ Prefix + Root + Combining vowel+ Suffix ✓ Prefix: at the beginning of the word)‫(يجي ببداية المصطلح‬ ✓ Root: foundation of the word.) ‫(الجذر يعني االساس وممكن يتكون يعني ممكن يكون عندي اكثر من جذر‬ ✓ Suffix: word part added to end of word. )‫(تجي اخر شي بالمصطلح‬ ✓ Combining vowel: connect other word parts.) ‫(حروف علة او حروف ربط‬ Note!!! (Word root + vowel) is called combining form. ‫االن نفصلهن وحدة وحدة تم؟؟‬ Prefixes - Prefix is found at the beginning of the word, and it adds some meaning, examples: ✓ Location of organ: i.e. sub means below ✓ Number of parts: i.e. Di, Bi means two.∞∞∞ ✓ Time (frequency): i.e. pre means before. ❖ Not all medical terms have a prefix )‫(يعني من االخر مو كل جملة الزم يكون فيها بادئة‬ Prefix: Meaning: Examples: ‫الجدول للبصم‬ A- Without, away Asepsis (Without living organism) ‫ياعزيزي‬ An- FROM Anencephaly (without a brain) Ana- Up, toward Anaphylactic (Exaggerated Immune reaction Anti- Against‫عكس‬ Antibacterial, Antimicrobial (preventing bacterial growth) Ante- Before ‫قبل‬ Antemortem (Before death) Anteorbital (Before the eye) Auto- Self Autoimmune (against individual’s own cells) Brady- Slow‫بطيئ‬ Bradycardia (Slow heartbeat) Dys- Painful, Dysfunctional (Functioning abnormally) abnormal‫الم‬ Endo- Within, Inner Endoabdominal (Within abdomen) Endoscope (Within GI tract) Epi- Upon, over‫فوق‬ Epicondyle (projection over condyle) Eu- Normal, Eukaryote (True cell) good ‫طبيعي‬ Eupepsia (Normal Digestion) Ex- External, Exhale (breathe out) Outward ‫خارج‬ ‫هون رح‬ Extra- Outside of ‫خارج‬ Extracorporeal (Outside body) ‫تالقوني حاط‬ ‫هاي اليت‬ ‫الجسم‬ ‫وفيه رقم على‬ Hetero- Different‫مختلف‬ Heterogenous (Different kinds) ‫المعاني‬ Heterograft (Different persons graft) ‫المتشابهة‬ ‫يعني وفرت‬ Homo- Same Homogeneous (Same kinds) ‫عليك‬ Hyper- Over, above Hyperglycemia (High blood sugar) !!‫التلخيص‬ Hypo- ∞ Under, Hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar) below ‫تحت‬ De- Without ‫بدون‬ Decapitation (Removal of head) Inter- Among, Interdental (Between teath) between ‫بين‬ Intra- Within, inside ‫في‬ Intramuscular (Within The muscle) ‫داخل‬ Intravenous (Within The vein Macro Large‫كبير‬ Macromolecules (Large molecules as lipids) Micro- Small ‫صغير‬ Micromolecules (Small molecules as Vitamins) Neo- New‫جديد‬ Neonatal (New birth) Pre- Before, in front Prenatal (Before Birth) of ‫قبل‬ Peri- Around ‫حول‬ Pericardium (Around the heart) periapical region (Around the apex ) Post- After ‫بعد‬ Postnatal (After birth) Pro- Before ‫قبل‬ Prodrome (Symptoms occurs before disease shows up) Pseudo- False‫خطأ‬ Pseudopregnancy (Presence of all signs and symptoms of pregnancy without presence of fetus) Re- Again ‫يعيد‬ Reflux (Backward flow) Sub- ∞ Below, under ‫ تحت‬Subcutaneous (Beneath skin) Tachy- Fast‫سريع‬ Tachycardia (Rapid Heartbeat) Uni- One ‫واحد‬ Unicellular (Single cell) 2 Di- Two ‫اثنان‬ Diplegia (Paralysis of both sides of the body 2 Bi- Two‫اثنان‬ Bicuspid (Having 2 cusps) Trans- Through ‫خالل‬ Transocular (across the eye) Transmembrane (across the membrane) Hemi- π Half ‫نصف‬ Hemiplegia (Paralysis on 1 side of body) Un- Not Unconscious (Not conscious) ‫غير واعي‬ Multi- ☺ Many ‫العديد‬ Multicellular (More than 1 cell) 4 Quadri- Four Quadriplegia (Paralysis of the 4 limbs) Pan- All ‫كل‬ Panplegia (Total paralysis) Poly- ☺ Many ‫العديد‬ Polypeptide Semi- π Partial, Half ‫ نصف‬Semiconscious (Inactive but not in a full coma) Semifinal Tri- Three3 Tricuspid valve (has 3 flaps) Triangle 4 Tetra- Four4 Tetraplegia (Paralysis of the 4 limbs) Diplo- Double ‫الضعف‬ Diplopia (Double vision) Super- Above, Superinfection (second infection happening on top of Excess ‫يزيد عن‬ earlier one) Dextro- Right ‫يمين‬ Dextrocardia (Location of heart in right side of the chest( Sinistro- Left ‫يسار‬ Sinistrad (moving toward left) Ecto- Out, outside‫خارج‬ Ectopic (outside normal position) Ex/o- Away from‫بعيد عن‬ Excise (To cut out) !!‫( المطالبين فيهم طيب في غيرهم يس ندرسهم؟؟ ال‬prefixes) ‫ وهيك خلصنا ال‬ ❖ Very important Note !!!!( prefix is followed by a hyphen when written alone for example we should write Super- instead of Super ‫يعني اذا ودك تكتب بادئة او هي نفسها ال بريفكس الزم تحط شحطة‬ Word Root : -Now we will study about Word Roots: ✓ When we say word roots we mean the foundations of words /Provide the Basic Meaning of Word. For example: ) ‫(يعني اساس المصطللح الطبي وممكن تشير ل كثير اشياء‬ Body part or system ie (Cardi means>> Heart) Action (Cis means >>>To cut.) etc…….. And of course some medical terms have more than one routs^^ ‫يعني ممكن يكون موجود اكثر من جذر‬.‫االن عندنا كم نوتة صغار رح نبني عليهم كثيير سوالف يعني ركز يا دكتور الي تحته خط مهم االمثلة للفهم‬ ❖ Combining form : ✓ We usually use an‘‘ O‘‘ to combine word parts ✓ Between two roots ‫ بين جذرين‬. ✓.Between root and suffix ‫بين جذر و نهاية كلمة‬ ✓ - Combining vowel is usually kept between two roots, even if the second word root begins with a vowel)‫( يعني يتبقى عندي حرف الربط حتى لو كان الجذر الثاني يبدأ بحرف علة‬ Gastroenteritis ‫التهاب المعدة واالمعاء‬ ✓ gastro: stomach enter/o: small intestine itis: inflammation But Between word root and suffix -‫بينما بين الجذر ونهاية الكلمة يوجد قاعدة مختلفة‬ If the suffix begins with a consonant ‫حرف ساكن‬, use the combining vowel (Arthroscope‫(منظار للمفصل‬ If the suffix begins with a vowel ‫ حرف علة‬, do not use a combining vowel (Arthritis‫( التهاب المفصل‬ ‫ بربطلي بين شغلتين وهن الجذر ونهاية الجملة‬, ‫تعالو نسولف بالعربي عندنا شغلتين ممكن يربطهن حرف الربط وحرف الربط‬ ‫يعني بين جذرين او بين جذر ونهاية جملة نحكي بين الجذرين حرف الربط يظل موجود حتى لو كان في حرف علة بالجذر الثاني‬ (A U O I E) >------- ‫االن!!! شو هم احرف العلة‬  ‫االن بين جذر ونهاية عندنا حالتين االولى بلشت النهاية ب حرف ساكن وهون حرف يربط يظل موجود اما اذا بلش بعلة نحذف‬ ‫حرف الربط‬ !!!‫واالن نكمل جداول‬ ❖ Combining forms (root +(O)): Combining Form: Meaning: Example: Aer(o) Air‫هواء‬ Aerogen (gas producing microorganism) Bacteri(o) Bacteria ‫بكتيريا‬ Bacteriogenic (Caused by bacteria) ‫مسبب بكتيري‬ Bas(o), Base Basophilic (Having affinity for basic dyes) basi(o) Cry(o) Cold ‫بارد‬ Cryosurgery (Cold Surgery) Cyan(o) ‫ازرقاق‬ Blue ‫ازرق‬ Cyanosis (Blue colored) Electro(o) Electricity ‫كهرباء‬ Electrocardiogram (Graphic record of heart’s electrical currents) Erythr(o) Red, Redness ‫احمر‬ Erythrocyte (Red blood cells) Ethm(o) Ethmoid Bone Ethmonasal (Ethmoid and nasal bones) Fibr(o) Fiber ‫الياف‬ Fibroblast Fungi Fungus ‫فطريات‬ Fungicide (Substance that destroys fungi) Glyc(o) Sugars ‫سكر‬ Glycopenia (Sugar deficiency) Granul(o) Granular ‫حبيبات‬ Granuloma (small, granular lesion) Hydr(o) Hydrogen, Water ‫ماء‬ Hydrocephaly (Excessive fluid accumulation in head) Idio Unknown; Idiopathic (unknown origin) Distinct ‫غير معروف‬ Immun(o) Safe, immune ‫آمن‬ Immunodeficient (Weak Immunity) ‫مناعه المرض‬ ‫قليله‬ Somat(o) Body ‫الجسم‬ Somatogenic (originating in the body) Therm(o) Heat ‫حرارة‬ Thermometer (Instrument to measure temperature) ‫طريقة لقياس درجة حرارة جسم االنسان‬ Kal(i) Potassium ‫بوتاسيوم‬ Kalemia (potassium in blood) Karyo Nucleus ‫نواه‬ Karyolysis(Destruction of Nucleus ) Later(o) Lateral, To one Lateroduction (Movement to one side) side ‫جانبي‬ Medi(o) Middle, medial Mediolateral (Relating to medial plane and 1 plane ‫وسط‬ side of the body)  Meg(a), Large, million ‫كبييير‬ Megaloblastic (Anemia with large RBC) megal(o) Megaloencephlay (abnormally large brain) Micr(o) Small, Tiny‫صغييير‬ Microorganism (Tiny organism) Nucle(o) Nucleus ‫نواه‬ Nucleotoxin (Poison that acts on nucleus) Path(o) Disease ‫مرض‬ Pathogen (Substance causing a disease) Pharmac(o) Drugs, Medicine ‫دواء‬ Pharmacology (science of drugs) Phon(o) Sound, voice ‫صوت‬ Phonometer (Instrument to measure sound) Phot(o) ‫ضوء‬ Light ‫ضوء‬ Photometer (Instrument to measure light) Suffix ‫اللواحق او ما يأتي في نهاية المصطلح الطبي‬: ‫❖ االن الزم يكون عندي بكل مصطلح طبي الحقة زي ما قلنا مو ضروري يكون في بادئة‬ ❖ All medical terms must have Suffix )‫❖ لما تكتبها لحالها الزم يكون قبلها شحطة (شرطة‬ ❖ Preceded with a hyphen when written by itself.ie. logy- ‫علم‬ ❖ Attached to to the end of the word(medical term)and add meaning :such as: Condition :-algia - < ‫ ألم‬pain Disease : itis -- suffix b) Appendices b) O > combining vowel c) Enter> word root AlshAwAbkeh c) Vertebra d) Gastr> prefix d) Ganglia 17) The mismatched meaning: a) Postmortem >after death e) More than one are wrong b) Interdental > between teeth c) Isometric > different dimensions d) Hypoglycemia > low blood sugar 18) All of the following indicate numbers except: 23) The wrong about heart layers : a) Mono- a) Epicardium is the outermost layer b) Di- b) Pericardium lining the valves c) Tri- c) Myocardium is the muscular layer d) Homo- d) Endocardium is the innermost layer 19) All of the following components of cardiovascular system except: 24) The abbreviation (BP) means: a) Heart a) Beats per minute b) Blood vessels b) Big pericardium c) Circulating blood c) Blood pressure d) Lungs d) Blood patient 20) The true statement is : 25) Phlebitis means: a) Artery is a blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood a) Inflammation of pericardium b) Vein is a blood vessel carries oxygenated blood b) The movement of the vena cava c) Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood c) Inflammation of vein AlshAwAbkeh d) The heart composed of 2 chambers d) Abnormal pulse 21) The sinoatrial node: 26) All means blood vessels except: a) Is Responsible for gas exchange a) Thromb/o b) Located in the right atrium b) Angi/o c) Located at the left atrium c) Vas/o d) Excite heart for contraction d) Hemangi/o A) B &D 27) The coronary artery supplis blood to : a) Lung 22) The wrong about the medical term (Atrioventricular valve) : b) Kidney a) Atri/o means atrium c) Head b) Ventricular refers to ventricle d) Heart c) Valve is a structure prevent fluid from flowing backward or forward d) The atrioventricular valve located in the vena cava 28) diastole & systole : a) Movements of the blood vessel c) RBC b) The relaxation phase & contraction phase of the heart respectively d) All are types of count c) Regions in the lower limbs e) All are not types of count d) Types of capillaries e) None of the above 34 ) One statement is false: 29) the main component of the blood a) We have about 5L of the blood a) red blood cells b) The blood plasma is the cellular part b) White blood cells c) The hemoglobin essential to oxygen transporting c) Platelets d) All are true d) Fibrinogen e) All of the above 35) The wrong sentence about respiratory system: f) A&B&C a) It is the breathing system b) The most effective organ of it located in the lower limbs 30) All are cells in the blood except: c) It does two important processes the inhalation & exhalation a) Erythrocytes d) None of the above b) Hepatocyte c) Leukocytes 36) The alveolus: d) Monocytes a) Air sac b) Located at the end of each bronchiole 31) Heme in (hemoglobin) means: c) Responsible for blood production a) Protein d) All are true b) Plasma e) A & B are true c) Blood pigment containing iron d) Normal blood cell 37) The true order for inhalation process: AlshAwAbkeh a) Nose > larynx >pharynx >lung 32) The false adjective form : b) Alveoli>bronchiole> bronchi > trachea >larynx >pharynx> nose a) Lymphocytic c) Nose>pharynx >larynx >trachea >bronchi >bronchiole >alveoli b) Basophilic d) Lung>pulmonary artery > heart c) Fibrinous d) Eosinophils 38) The diaphragm is: e) All are true a) Located at the top of lung b) Membranous muscle between abdominal & thoracic cavities 33) All abbreviations for a type of count except: c) Exchanging the oxygen between alveoli & blood a) PLT d) None of the above b) WBC 39) Pleura is: a) Double layer of membrane making up the outside of lungs b) Subdivision of larynx c) Surrounds the diaphragm d) The site of external respiration 45) Atri(o) is a combining form for: 40) The mismatch statement: a) Blood vessel a) Pneum/o > lung b) Artery b) Rhin/o > nose c) Atrium c) Phon/o > sound d) Vein d) Steth/o> instrument e) Air 41) All are instruments except: 46) "Inter" means….While "intra" means…. a) Stethoscope a) Outside, inside. b) Capnogram b) Between, within. c) Spirometer c) Outside, without. d) Phonometer d) Within, between. e) External, inside. 42) The adjective form written in the wrong way: a) Alveolar b) Paranasal 47 ) Prefix/Prefix/Root/Suffix] for sub/endo-cardial indicate: c) Thorax a) Above and outside the heart d) Pulmonary b) Below and outside the blood vessel c) Above and within the blood vessel 43) ET tube is: d) Below and within the heart a) Endothelial tissue tube e) Above and within the heart b) Endo-tracheal intubation tube 1C 2E 3C 4A 5D 6A 7D 8B 9D 10C c) Another name of trachea 11B 12C 13C 14D 15A 16D 17C 18D 19D 20C d) It’s a respiratory organ 21E 22D 23B 24C 25C 26A 27D 28B 29F 30B 44) All of the following are related to oxygen except: 31C 32D 33D 34B 35B 36E 37C 38B 39A 40D a) Oxg- 41B 42C 43B 44A 45C 46B 47D b) Ox(o) c) Oxi- AlshAwAbke... d) Oxy h