Introduction to Tourism - Final Revision PDF

# Introduction to Tourism - Final Revision ## Chapter One (Tourism evolution, definition and structure) ### 1. Evolution of Travel and Tourism * **Thousands of years before Christ:** * The ancient Egyptians were travelling to transfer rocks across the river to build their temples and pyramids....

# Introduction to Tourism - Final Revision ## Chapter One (Tourism evolution, definition and structure) ### 1. Evolution of Travel and Tourism * **Thousands of years before Christ:** * The ancient Egyptians were travelling to transfer rocks across the river to build their temples and pyramids. * Ancient Greeks travelled for Olympic games. * **Ancient age:** * People were travelling for religious reasons. * Sailing boats were used for the exploration of new areas * **Middle Age:** * People travelled for educational reasons. * Rail roads, cars, cruises were developed. * Thomas Cook was the first travel agent who rented a whole train for 540 passengers. He realized the elasticity of supply and demand, whenever the prices decreased the demand increased, so he organized a tour across Europe. * **Modern Age:** * After the 2nd world war means of transport were developed rapidly. * Legislations were organized to secure the workers' rights for paid holidays. * Package holidays were introduced on a large scale with special fares, many countries realized the economic importance for tourism and developed its beaches. Example for those countries were Italy, France, Spain who provided the necessary infrastructure followed by Egypt, Morocco and Cyprus. * **Main characteristics of this period:** * More leisure time. * High standards of living, realizing the importance of quality not quantity, new trends were considered as: eco-tourism, safari, conference, and business. * **Integration among countries:** * The single European countries (which included; France, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Greece, Spain and Portugal) market have conducted economic, industrial, commercial integration. ### The results affecting tourism 1. Importance of environment. 2. Mergers between many airlines (France, Sabena). 3. Eliminating the procedures of cross borders. 4. Setting tourist legislation for tourist protection. 5. The liberalization of Eastern Europe. 6. Developing the Computer Reservation System (CRS), Global Distribution System (GDS). ### Definition of tourism Movement of people from their usual place to another place, not less than 24 hours and not more than one year. (Not for earning money or for work purposes.) ### The definition conveys the essential nature of tourism i.e.: 1. There are two elements in tourism: * Travelling to the destination. * The stay at the destination. 2. Travelling to the destination is for short time. 3. Destinations are visited for purposes other than work. ### Definition of tourist Tourist is the person who travels away from his place of residence to another country for a period more than 24 hours and less than one year. ### Note: The following are not considered as tourists: 1. Person travelling for work for a period more than one year. 2. Person travelling for scholarship in universities or schools. 3. Immigrants to other countries. ### Tourism System: Tourism is the interaction between the tourist, tourism suppliers, destinations that attract tourists and their governments, the main elements in tourism can be defined as follows: * **The tourist:** * The person who would like to conduct the travel and tourism experience and decide on the destination that match with his wants and needs. * **Tourism suppliers:** * Tour operators, travel agents, Airlines, Hotels that provide the necessary tourist services. * **Destination:** * The host country chosen by the tourist. ### The main elements of tourism products | Name of element | Name of product | |------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Natural attractions | Sun, Seas, beaches, Lakes, falls, mountains | | Manmade attractions | Statues, Monuments, Temples, castles, Historical sites, museums | | Amenities | Infrastructure: Water supply, electricity, means of communication | | | Superstructure: Hotels, Tourist villages, restaurants, police stations, super markets | | Accessibility | Roads, means of transportation, trains, airports, airlines | | Additional services | Marketing including promotion. Coordination between private & public sector | ### The characteristics of tourism products 1. **Intangibility:** * Tourism can't be touched, seen, or transferred unlike any other product. 2. **Inflexibility:** * A hotel's capacity is fixed, or a plane's number of seats is fixed, so it can't accommodate a sudden increase in demand. 3. **Various Motivations:** * Travel motivations differ from one tourist to the other. 4. **Intermediaries’ Role:** * Tour operators and travel agents play an essential role in the orientation of demand. 5. **Perishability:** * Cannot be stored for long time. 6. **Unstable Demand:** * Tourism demand is highly unpredictable and influenced by seasonal variations, the economy, and policy. ## Chapter Two ### Forms of tourism 1. **Self-organized Tour:** * Everything is organized by the tourist. 2. **Pre-packaged Tour:** * The tour operator offers the package. ### Classification of tourism 1. **Domestic tourism:** * Travelling inside the home country. 2. **International tourism:** * Visiting other countries not the home. * Divided into two types: * **Inbound:** Foreign tourists coming to a new country * **Outbound:** Resident going out of the home country. * **Transit tourism:** * Passing through a region while travelling to a specific destination (not the home or the destination country). * **Internal tourism:** * Tourism in a particular region by a resident or non-resident. ### Types of Tourism 1. **Cultural tourism:** * Focuses on the historical sites, cultural heritage. 2. **Sport tourism:** * Go to compete in international games, marathons. 3. **Religious tourism:** * To practice their religion as (Mecca). 4. **Health tourism:** * Travelling to nations with the best medical facilities. 5. **Wild life tourism:** * Practice of observing wild views as (Africa). 6. **Adventure tourism:** * Exploration, travelling to exotic locations. 7. **Educational tourism:** * 8. **Ecotourism:** * Local's quality life, environmental travels. 9. **Sustainable tourism:** * In order to meet social and economic needs. 10. **Special events:** * Like the Olympics 11. **Rural tourism:** * To spend vacations in rural settings, or at least ones that are near to nature. ### Tourism Approaches 1. **Geographical Approach:** * Includes; location, climate, tourist regions, destinations and transit route. 2. **Marketing Approach:** * Tourist wants, needs, and motivations. 3. **Economical Approach:** * Tourism Analysis, impact of tourism, supply, and demand. 4. **Law approach:** * Study of Laws with direct, indirect impacts. 5. **Institutional Approach:** * Studying, planning, advertising and supervision. 6. **Sociology Approach:** * Identify the social effects of tourism on social traditions. ### Impacts of Tourism 1. **Economic Impact:** * **Positive Impacts:** * One of the major sources of income for the country. * **Negative Impacts:** * Migration, sometimes destinations import experts from other countries, which may cause leakage. 2. **Social Impacts:** * **Positive Impacts:** * Cultural exchanging, increasing work opportunities, being pleased with the visitors, enable young local's with their smaller projects. 3. **Environmental Impacts:** * **Positive Impact:** * Establishment of animal parks, national parks. * **Negative Impact:** * Hunting and fishing, overcrowded beaches, overcrowding in historical sites. ## Chapter Three ### Motivators for Tourism Demand for holidays is influenced by wants, drives, and expectations. It depends on your financial condition, and travel capabilities. ### Determinants of tourist motivation * **Individual and family:** * Tourists are divided into groups based on their age because younger and older people tend to enjoy the same kinds of activities and vacations. * **Younger tourists:** * Vacations that are active, adventurous, and entertaining. * **Mature tourists:** * Holiday inertia, a safer setting, and secure activities. * **Family dynamic:** * The family's stage can influence the holiday selection. Whether the family members are little children or teenagers depends on their ages. ### Reasons for the Growth of Tourism 1. **Factors of technology:** * Better means of transportation, better accessibility to different destinations, More air agreements and alliances between airlines, Ease of access to information and reservations. 2. **Factors of demand:** * More disposable income, more leisure times, changing lifestyle 3. **Factors of supply (Destination):** * More investments in infrastructure and services; more natural and man-made attractions, easier information access. ### Why does Europe have the largest market share? Europe has got the largest market share because of the following factors: * **Law of proximity:** * The distances amongst the European countries are very short. Most of the European countries are near to each other. * **The rapid development in means of transportation:** * Airlines, Trains and buses * **Low-cost airlines:** * Offering flights with low prices. * **The High technology in means of transportation:** * A lot of attractions are found in European countries * **The high income of the European countries.** ### The Economic Impacts of Tourism in Egypt The value of tourism to Egypt's economy is universally acknowledged by professionals and academics. This can be attributed to various things, like: 1. As a dynamic industry with rapid growth rates, tourism has a considerable contribution of the tourism sector to GDP growth. 2. Egypt's main source of foreign exchange is tourism. 3. As more young people are able to find employment thanks to the hotels and other tourism facilities, the industry is growing its labour capacity. 4. The growth of tourism and the establishment of villages therein, which results in population migration and redistribution and supports social development. ### Egyptian tourist performance growth indicators Around 11 million visitors travelled abroad in 2022, an increase over the 8 million (3.7 million) who did so in the year prior. The objective of 15 million tourists by the end of 2023 is based on estimates that incoming tourism flows will exceed 28% in the final quarter of 2023. Egypt is anticipated to have the biggest volume of tourists in the most important of these are: * **Focus on marketing and promotion:** * The tourism sector plan intends to step up tourism promotion efforts and implement new stimulation tools to improve the product, against stiff competition from other tourism destinations in a number of key axes such as: * **Strengthening the marketing and advertising message abroad:** * Through effective implementation of international promotion campaign contracted with big specialized companies. * **Promoting tourism to Egypt:** * Through key promotional campaigns such as “Your Vacation is with Us” & “The Day in Egypt Does not End” to boost tourism in Egypt during the summer of 2022, focusing on the Arab and Gulf regions as well as promoting local tourism in Egypt during the summer of 2022, focusing on the Arab and Gulf regions as well as promoting local travel. ## Chapter Four ### Industries Related to Tourism ### Definitions of Tour Operator 1. A "tour operator" is "someone who has the responsibility of putting the tour ingredients together, marketing it, making reservations, and handling actual operation." 2. A tour operator a company, organization, or enterprise that purchases various travel-related products from suppliers. ### Travel agencies The travel agent is a person, business with extensive knowledge of tourism related items, he is in charge of suggesting tours and tourism services. ### They preform 1. Organizing the tourist programs. 2. Reservations, the airline tickets. 3. Operating land marine time, air transportation. ### Types of travel agencies 1. General travel agencies. 2. Travel agencies that sell airline tickets. 3. Travel agencies specialized only with tourist transportations. ### Obligations of travel 1. Minister of tourism may set a min, max tourist rates. 2. Travel agencies have to provide the tour program to the General Administration first. 3. Travel agencies should inform the administration 15 days in advance. 4. They should provide a list of names, prices of the services to the Ministry. 5. All publication should be submitted first. 6. Balance sheets and final accounts should be submitted 7. Military areas are restricted. 8. They shouldn't exceed 20% of outgoing programs. ### Travel Agency Departments 1. **Department of Tourism:** * Main department, divided into incoming and outgoing tourism officials. * Responsible for organizing religious trips (Hajj & Umrah), visa processing. * Handles contacts with service providers, airlines, transport, and makes bookings. 2. **Operation Department:** * Implements tourism programs by managing: * Booking confirmations (individual or group). * Coordination of arrival/departure details. * Transportation arrangements (buses, cars). * Hotel and service "vouchers." * Flight/train bookings. * Tour leader and guide coordination. * Obtaining necessary permits. 3. **Marketing and Sales Department:** * Focuses on promoting and selling tourism services. * Engages with local and foreign agents. * Participates in international tourism events (exhibitions, conferences) to form contracts. 4. **Ticketing and Issuing Department:** * Manages booking and issuing transportation tickets (land, sea, air). * Requires IATA certification for airline ticketing. * Involves training staff on ticketing systems and technical matters. 5. **Account and Audit Department:** * Reviews quotations and contracts for pricing accuracy. * Ensures adherence to agreed-upon rates with service providers. 6. **Department of Tourism Transport:** * Manages the operation of company-owned vehicles. * Oversees vehicle maintenance, preservation, insurance, and staff training. * Coordinates transport with other companies, as needed. 7. **Financial Department:** * Handles all financial aspects, including revenue and expense management. * **Subsections:** * Income Accounts: Manages company revenues. * Expense Accounts: Controls company expenditures. * Salary Calculations: Handles payroll and employee benefits. 8. **Department of Personnel and Training:** * Manages recruitment and selection of qualified staff. * Coordinates training for new employees and ongoing staff development. * Ensures employee awareness of industry updates and handles labor-related matters. ### The Guide The person who explains the historical sites by the tourists. **His duties:** * Must have license. * He shouldn't practice his work outside his area. * He can't his license to anybody. * No discussion in the political issues. * Alcohol isn't allowed during work. * Military areas aren't allowed. * He should respect his obligations. ### Air Transport There are three types of airlines: 1. **Scheduled Airlines.** * Operate on fixed schedules and timetables. * Can be government-owned or private. * Represent their home country. * Serve both main and secondary airports. * Offer long and short-haul flights to various destinations. * Use different types of aircraft. * Allow stopovers and transits. * Typically more expensive tickets. * Provide multiple classes with varying services 2. **Chartered Airlines.** * Operate only when needed, usually during tourist seasons. * Run by tour operators for group travel. * Offer affordable travel due to fewer amenities (e.g., no meals onboard). * Fly mostly at night to avoid congestion and reduce landing costs. * Popular for destinations like Hurghada, Sharm El Sheikh, Marsa Alam, and Taba. * Significant traffic into places like Goa during peak season (December to February). 3. **Low-Cost Carriers.** * Operated by private sectors or entrepreneurs. * Use a single type of aircraft (e.g., Airbus). * Offer one class of service. * Fly to specific destinations, often at night for lower congestion and fees. * Provide cheaper fares compared to full-service airlines. * Land at both main and secondary airports. * Examples: Southwest, RyanAir, JetAir, Al Jazeera, Fly Dubai. ### The Hotel Industry 1. **Hotel Types:** * The hotel industry provides employment and leisure opportunities worldwide with various types of hotels offering different services. * Larger hotels create more job opportunities in the hospitality sector and typically offer dining, conference facilities, spas, and gyms. 2. **Star Hotel Classification:** * Hotels are rated using a star system (1 to 5 stars), indicating the quality of service. * No universal rating system exists, but organizations worldwide assign ratings based on country-specific standards. UNWTO promotes sustainability and competitiveness in the industry. 3. **Hotel Star Rating Details:** * **1-Star Hotels:** * Basic, small, and often independently owned. * **4-Star Hotels:** * Premium service with amenities like room service, pools, spas, gyms, restaurants, business centres, and secure parking. Often seen as luxury accommodations with several rooms and suites. * **5-Star Hotels:** * Offer top-tier services, and numerous luxury amenities including concierge, valet parking, 24-hour room service, butlers, turndown service, laundry, fine dining, spa treatments, luxury bedding, and multiple leisure facilities like gyms, and swimming pools. * Not all five-star hotels have every feature but all ensure a high level of service. 4. **Luxury Hotels:** * Known for superior service, luxury hotels cater to affluent guests with high expectations. * Amenities include fine dining, spas, gyms, and swimming pools. * Visitors expect exceptional service, and hotels must deliver on this claim to maintain their luxury status. 5. **Mid-Range Hotels:** * Popular in the tourism industry for offering a balance of comfort and value. * Provide a hotel-like atmosphere with essential amenities, but at a more affordable price compared to luxury hotels. 6. **Resort Hotels:** * Primarily focused on relaxation, offering a self-contained environment where guests can stay without needing to leave. * Resorts can vary in luxury, but they typically have gyms, dining options, bars, and recreational amenities. * **Types of Resort Hotels:** * Beachside hotels, PGA resorts, Ski resorts, Family resorts 7. **Serviced Residences:** * Fully equipped apartments available for short or long-term stays. * Offer hotel-like services, but with more space and independence. 8. **Hostels:** * Budget-friendly, often with shared dorms or private rooms. * Offer basic accommodations with shared kitchen facilities, catering to affordable travel. 9. **Airport Hotels:** * Located near airports for short stays, often with high turnover. * Can vary in star rating but generally provide basic to mid-range services. * Prioritize services like meeting rooms and video conferencing for business travelers. 10. **Hotel Size and Room Numbers:** * Hotels are classified based on room number, not service level. * Larger hotels may offer various services depending on the region, from luxury suites to basic rooms for budget-conscious travelers.