Intelligent Systems Week 6 PDF

FACULTY OF AI & DS DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Semester 3 /Level 2 AI 201: INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2024 - 2025  LECTURE 6 REASONING REPRESENTATION  REA...

FACULTY OF AI & DS DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Semester 3 /Level 2 AI 201: INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2024 - 2025  LECTURE 6 REASONING REPRESENTATION  REASONING REPRESENTATION WHAT IS REASONING? Reasoning is the ability to assess things rationally by applying logic based on new or existing information when making a decision or solving a problem. Reasoning allows you to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of two or more courses of action before choosing the one with the most benefit or the one that suits your needs. It also helps you solve problems, handle uncertainty, verify claims and assess situations carefully to ensure the decision you make is in your best interest. Reasoning comes in diverse forms, from everyday decision-making processes to powerful algorithms that power artificial intelligence. You can find formal reasoning in established disciplines such as mathematics, logic and artificial intelligence. Throughout all circumstances, however, you can categorize reasoning into seven basic types. Understanding the types of reasoning can help you evaluate and advance your decision-making process. 3  TYPES OF REASONING 1. Deductive reasoning 2. Inductive reasoning 3. Analogical reasoning 4. Abductive reasoning 5. Cause-and-effect reasoning 6. Critical thinking 7. Decompositional reasoning 4  1. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that uses formal logic and observations to prove a theory or hypothesis. In deductive reasoning, you start with an assumption and then make observations or rational thoughts to validate or refute the assumption. You can use deductive reasoning to apply a general law to a specific case or test an induction. The results of deductive reasoning typically have a logical certainty. For example, a marketing division evaluates data and reaffirms that their company's biggest demographic is young parents. Based on this information, they decide to allocate more of the marketing budget to social media platforms that target that group. ‫ يقوم قسم التسويق بتقييم البيانات والتأكيد من جديد على أن أكبر فئة سكانية في الشركة هي اآلباء‬ ‫ قرروا تخصيص المزيد من ميزانية التسويق لمنصات التواصل‬،‫ وبناءً على هذه المعلومات‬.‫الصغار‬ 5. ‫االجتماعي التي تستهدف تلك المجموعة‬  2. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning uses theories and assumptions to validate observations. In some ways it's the opposite of deductive reasoning, as it involves reasoning from a specific case or cases to derive a general rule. The results of inductive reasoning are not always certain because it uses conclusions from observations to make generalizations. Inductive reasoning is helpful for extrapolation, predictions and part-to-whole arguments. For instance, a kindergarten teacher has struggled to hold the attention of her class throughout the morning. She tries adding an extra five-minute activity break one hour after school starts. After a week of mood improvements and attention gains, she decides to permanently add the extra activity break..‫ تواجه معلمة رياض األطفال صعوبة في جذب انتباه طالب صفها طوال الصباح‬،‫على سبيل المثال‬ 6 ‫ وبعد أسبوع‬.‫تحاول إضافة استراحة نشاط إضافية مدتها خمس دقائق بعد ساعة واحدة من بدء المدرسة‬ ‫ قررت إضافة استراحة النشاط اإلضافية بشكل دائم‬،‫من تحسن الحالة المزاجية واكتساب االهتمام‬  3. Analogical Reasoning Analogical reasoning is a form of thinking that finds similarities between two or more things and then uses those characteristics to find other qualities common to them. It's based on the brain's tendency to notice patterns and make associations. Once the brain recognizes a pattern, it can associate the pattern with specific things, and this leads to analogous reasoning. Analogous thinking can help you expand your understanding by looking for similarities between different things. A supermarket has served as an analogical source for many businesses. When planning a new business, evaluating how to serve customers better, or planning a new line, many business strategists reach for a supermarket analogy to ask if they can provide everything a customer may need when shopping for items in their category. ‫ أو تقييم كيفية‬،‫ عند التخطيط لنشاط تجاري جديد‬.‫ كان السوبر ماركت بمثابة مصدر مماثل للعديد من الشركات‬ ‫ يلجأ العديد من استراتيجيي األعمال إلى تشبيه السوبر‬،‫ أو التخطيط لخط جديد‬،‫خدمة العمالء بشكل أفضل‬. ‫ماركت للسؤال عما إذا كان بإمكانهم توفير كل ما قد يحتاجه العميل عند التسوق لشراء العناصر في فئتهم‬ 7  4. Abductive Reasoning Abductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that uses an observation or set of observations to reach a logical conclusion. It's similar to inductive reasoning, however, abductive reasoning permits making best guesses to arrive at the simplest conclusions. Abduction has applications in troubleshooting and decision- making, especially when dealing with uncertainties. Abductive reasoning is especially useful when explaining an observation or phenomenon that the observer has very little or no existing knowledge about. For example, salespeople may use this type of reasoning when they receive a short correspondence from a client, asking them to reply quickly about an issue. When the client doesn't give enough information to understand before responding, a salesperson can use abductive reasoning to narrow down possible concerns. It's sometimes better to prepare answers for a few best guesses. ‫ قد يستخدم مندوبو المبيعات هذا النوع من التفكير عندما يتلقون مراسالت قصيرة من‬،‫على سبيل المثال‬ ‫ عندما ال يقدم العميل ما يكفي من المعلومات لفهمها قبل‬.‫ تطلب منهم الرد بسرعة حول مشكلة ما‬،‫العميل‬ 8 ‫ من األفضل‬.‫ يمكن لمندوب المبيعات استخدام المنطق االفتراضى لتضييق نطاق المخاوف المحتملة‬،‫الرد‬ ‫في بعض األحيان إعداد إجابات لبعض أفضل التخمينات‬.  5. Cause-and-effect Reasoning Cause-and-effect reasoning is a type of thinking in which you show the linkage between two events. This reasoning is used to explain what may happen if an action takes place or why things happen when some conditions are present. This type of reasoning commonly guides everyday decision-making, in cases where people draw on personal experience and a desire to improve. Businesses and professionals also use prediction and forecast modeling. This type of reasoning can help people trust your arguments, especially if you are accurate most of the time. 9  5. Cause-and-effect Reasoning For instance, a marketing agency may use cause-and-effect reasoning to prove the value of their campaigns and request an increase in budget. They may show how in the first year they launched an advertising campaign for a product line before christmas, and the product sales increased by 10%. The following year, they increased the advertising budget 15%, and the product sales increased 25%. Therefore, with a budget increase of 20%, they're expecting a sales increase of 30%. ‫ قد تستخدم وكالة التسويق منطق السبب والنتيجة إلثبات قيمة حمالتها وطلب زيادة في‬،‫ على سبيل المثال‬ ‫ وكيف‬،‫ قد يوضحون كيف أطلقوا في السنة األولى حملة إعالنية لخط إنتاج قبل عيد الميالد‬.‫الميزانية‬ ،%15 ‫ قاموا بزيادة الميزانية اإلعالنية بنسبة‬،‫ وفي العام التالي‬.٪10 ‫زادت مبيعات المنتج بنسبة‬ ‫ فإنهم يتوقعون زيادة في‬،%20 ‫ مع زيادة الميزانية بنسبة‬،‫ ولذلك‬.%25 ‫وزادت مبيعات المنتجات بنسبة‬ %. 30 ‫المبيعات بنسبة‬ 10  6. Critical Thinking Critical thinking involves extensive rational thought about a specific subject in order to come to a definitive conclusion. It's helpful in fields such as computing, engineering, social sciences and logic. Critical thinking plays a vital role in problem-solving, especially when troubleshooting technical issues. It's used to assess the authenticity of works of art, literature, films and other artistic expressions. Critical thinking also plays a vital role in mental and emotional matters, gray areas and other fields that deal with subjects less understood. For example, the general manager of a family restaurant learns that a bakery important to its supply chain is about to go on strike. They order extra baked goods to freeze and then plan a distributor they can use during the strike..‫ يعلم المدير العام لمطعم عائلي أن أحد المخابز المهمة لسلسلة التوريد لديه على وشك اإلضراب‬،‫سبيل المثال‬11‫ على‬. ‫يطلبون تجميد المزيد من المخبوزات ثم يخططون لموزع يمكنهم استخدامه أثناء اإلضراب‬  7. Decompositional reasoning Decompositional reasoning is the process of breaking things into constituent parts to understand the function of each component and how it contributes to the operation of the item as a whole. By analyzing each part independently, decompositional reasoning allows an observer to draw powerful conclusions about the whole. You find this approach in several disciplines, including science, engineering, marketing, product development, game development and software development. Project management utilizes decompositional reasoning in its division of a project into components. A manager assigns each component to an individual, who is responsible for completion and communication about integration into the project. This division ensures the success of each component and contributes to the operation of the whole. ،‫ يقوم المدير بتعيين كل مكون للفرد‬.‫ تستخدم إدارة المشروع المنطق التحليلي في تقسيم المشروع إلى مكونات‬ ‫ يضمن هذا التقسيم نجاح كل مكون‬.‫الذي يكون مسؤوالً عن اإلكمال والتواصل حول التكامل في المشروع‬ 12. ‫ويساهم في تشغيل الكل‬ 13