Intellectual Revolution Summary PDF

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSE Claudius Ptolemy Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) - Geocentrism – earth center of the - proposed a revised model putting solar system the Sun a...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSE Claudius Ptolemy Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) - Geocentrism – earth center of the - proposed a revised model putting solar system the Sun at the centre – the - Ptolemy’s mathematical tables were heliocentric model of the so effective at predicting positions universe in the night sky that they were used to prepare astronomical and astrological charts for over 1,500 years Reference Ideas: Aristotle – earth is the center Hipparchus - Epicycles were small circular orbits around imaginary centers on which the planets were said to move while making a revolution around the Earth; epicycle model for the motion of the sun not the planets; discovered precession of equinoxes Aristarchus – a believer of Sun-centered universe Pythagoras - taught that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the Universe; considered that the Earth and all the celestial bodies follow a circular orbit around an invisible fire, which was not the sun. The sun should follow its orbit too. He also recognized that the orbit of the Moon was inclined to the equator of the Earth and he was one of the first to realize that Venus as an evening star was the same planet as Venus as a morning star Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - geo-heliocentric model - conclusion about the universe - Brahe’s model of the universe put the were aligned with Copernicus’ Earth at the centre with both the Moon model that had the six known and Sun in circular orbits going planets orbiting the Sun around it. This feature of his model (heliocentric). It was different can be described as geocentric. in that Kepler proposed that the - Brahe’s model then becomes planets moved on elliptical heliocentric with the Sun (further (oval) paths rather than being from the Earth than the Moon) being objects fixed on nested spheres. orbited by the rest of the planets. Kepler summarized his learning Mercury was in a circular orbit with the laws of planetary motion closest to the Sun, Venus a little that are still used today further out and then Mars. Beyond that, Jupiter and Saturn also moved in 1.The planets all move in elliptical circular orbits around the Sun. Around orbits with the Sun at one focus all of this was a sphere of fixed 2. An imaginary line drawn from the stars arranged in the shapes of the centre of the Sun to the centre of the constellations. planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time meaning that the planet’s speed changes during its orbit 3. a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis) Galileo Galilee (1564-1642) - observed the four largest moons of Jupiter – Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto - concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter because their positions changed night after night - also used his telescope to observe Venus having a cycle of phases just like the Moon - In 1612, Galileo was the first to spot the previously unseen planet Neptune, but didn’t realize that it was another planet. He also observed the rings of Saturn, but he thought it was a moon on either side of the planet. - Galileo’s advocacy of a heliocentric universe brought him before religious authorities in 1616 and again in 1633, when he was forced to recant and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. CONCEPT OF MENTAL DISORDERS/ILLNESS - Throughout history there have been Sigmund Freud three general theories of - theory of psychoanalysis the etiology of mental illness: Freud believed that the supernatural, unconscious conflicts in your somatogenic - physical or mind caused anxiety, moodiness, biological, and depressive thoughts, troubling psychogenic - psychological personality traits, and factors difficulties maintaining - Supernatural theories attribute mental relationships. He believed these illness to possession by evil or problems were rooted in past demonic spirits, displeasure of gods, experiences and relationships.  eclipses, planetary gravitation, That's why psychoanalysis focuses curses, and sin. on long-term treatment. - Somatogenic theories identify disturbances in physical functioning - Freudian theory postulates that resulting from either illness, genetic adult personality is made up of inheritance, or brain damage or three aspects: (1) the id, imbalance. operating on the pleasure - Psychogenic theories focus on principle generally within the traumatic or stressful unconscious; (2) the ego, experiences, maladaptive operating on the reality learned associations and cognitions, principle within the conscious or distorted perceptions. realm; and (3) the superego, operating on the morality Etiological theories of mental illness principle at all levels of determine the care and treatment mentally ill individuals receive. consciousness. The interplay of these personality structures generates anxiety that must be reduced through various defense mechanisms. Freud's model of the psyche consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id is responsible for our basic urges and desires, the ego acts as the rational part that mediates between the id and reality, and the superego represents our moral conscience. The ego prevents us from acting on our basic urges by employing reason and realistic strategies to satisfy desires in a socially acceptable manner.  CONCEPT OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Theory of Creation Charles Darwin Or Creationism - Theory of Evolution - is based on the belief that the Bible - beginning with simple molecules is a credible source, which gives the to today’s modern person story of Creation. - The earth was made over a long - In the span of six days (24 hour period, beginning 4.5 billion days), God created the heavens and the years ago. earth, the sun, moon, stars, and all - Life began with inorganic of the creatures of the earth. On the molecules, and with the help of very last day, God created Adam, a nature, became viable living human being in God’s image to rule organisms. over the earth. - Each time period of the earth had - Creationists believe that the earth is its own characteristics with young, and that organisms are fixed, different organisms and life every organism that we see today is forms making that period unique, the same organism that God created a and leaving behind traces with few thousands of years ago. fossils. - Adam and Eve are the beginning of the - Animals and plant life evolve, human race, and we are separated from becoming more fit for the every other species by the soul that environment. God gave us. - Human beings have also evolved along the way from our primate Other naturalists believed that all species ancestors into today’s modern either came into being at the start of the humans, but we are not the final world or were created over the course of product. natural history. They believed that species - Evolution by Natural selection remained much the same throughout time. ⮚ Variation-in all species, individuals differ in their genetic makeup, producing many  variations in their physical features; individuals in a population vary from each other. ⮚ Inheritance- individuals pass some of their genetic material to their offspring; parents pass on their traits to their offspring. ⮚ Selection - some individuals have inherited character (genes) that allows them to better survive or produce more offspring. These offspring, in turn, are more likely to survive and create offspring of their own. As a result, their genes become more common in the entire population; some variants reproduce more than others. ⮚ Time - over time, selection results in changes in species. These changes may take days, or decades, or millions of years to occur; successful variations accumulate over time.  Creationism vs. Evolution: Either dust or lightening started it all Alyssa Beck Senior Seminar December 2, 2002 I agree with both arguments to a certain degree. As a scientist, it is hard to discard tangible evidence that shows life has evolved across species. Yet, as a Christian, my life is centered on faith in God. I believe that God created life, but I believe God did it in a way that uses evolution. I believe that God created everything in six days, but that each day lasted millions of years, with different species and life forms evolving throughout that era. I believe that God structured the world so that there could be evolution. I think that species have to adapt to changing environments, and God made each species of organisms so that it could survive each change that takes place. I do not necessarily believe that human beings are the finale; I think that we will change over the decades evolving into higher species. I do not believe in the Big Bang Theory or that life stemmed from inorganic molecules. God started life, and then gave nature freedom to develop. If God did not like the outcome, it was destroyed by means of a natural disaster, such as the asteroid ending the life of the dinosaurs or by the Noah’s flood. If it was good, then things stayed, and life continued. This is a hard topic to take a definite stand on since faith is abstract, yet a way of life for Christians, and science is concrete. There is a need for cooperation between the two worlds though since there are Christians in science, but it takes one to look at both sides to decide on what one’s own theory is on the beginning of life and human evolution. INFORMATION REVOLUTION Industrial Revolution information societies are based on the - industrial societies that are rooted production of information and in the production of material goods services. Spinning jenny Digital technology is the steam engine Steam engine of information societies, and computer power loom moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bill cotton gin Gates are its John D. Rockefellers and telegraph Cornelius Vanderbilts. Since the sewing machine economy of information societies is internal combustion engine driven by knowledge and not material telephone goods, power lies with those in charge phonograph of storing and distributing airplane information. Members of a postindustrial society are likely to Different Information Revolutions: be employed as sellers of 1. pre-mechanical revolution – writing services—software programmers or era (cuneiform, hieroglyphs) business consultants, for 2. mechanical revolution – printing era example—instead of producers of goods. (paper, ink, printing press Of Social classes are divided by access Gutenberg to education, since without technical 3. electromechanical era – mass media era skills, people in an information (telegraph); entertainment era (radio, society lack the means for success. tv); toolshed home (telephone) 4. digital age – information hi-way – (computer, mobile phone, www, internet, online apps, AI) Intellectual Revolution - Provided enlightenment - provide wisdom and the capability to understand the value of life - such actions drive people towards a progressive society - promote knowledge through practical inventions and collaborations - It gave rise to social science and ideological politics, and if it did not also create the hard sciences, it nonetheless assigned them their place and shape in the modern world - promoting critical thinking and creating rules to provide equal opportunities to people. Pythagoras Model Ptolemy’s Model Copernicus Model Brahe’s Model