CP 2 Intellectual Revolutions 2021 PDF

1 https://images.app.goo.gl/S3xteoTQGy7efZN9A https://images.app.goo.gl/CDdNdNTuM5DZ8M2e9 COURSE PACK 2 Intellectual revolutions INTENDED LEARNING OUTC...

1 https://images.app.goo.gl/S3xteoTQGy7efZN9A https://images.app.goo.gl/CDdNdNTuM5DZ8M2e9 COURSE PACK 2 Intellectual revolutions INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES - Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology CONTENT - CHAPTER 2 Intellectual revolutions that defined society a. Copernican b. Darwinian c. Freudian d. Information e. Meso-American f. Asian g. Middle East h. African INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS PREPARATION PRESENTATION Note: Before reading and opening the links, please read the questions first in the PRACTICE section so you can be guided. a. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION If internet is available you can visit this video link to answer the questions in the PRACTICE section or you may consider visiting other sites. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHUWP9zu4W8) (16 minute video) NOTES: COPERNICAN REVOLUTION  2 Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) Aristotle, Greek Aristoteles, (born 384 BCE, Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece—died 322, Chalcis, Euboea), ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. His works on astronomy and the physics of motion were written in On the heavens and Physics. Aristotle's own model of the Universe was a development of that of Eudoxus who had also studied under Plato. It had a series of 53 concentric, crystalline, transparent spheres rotating on different axes. Each sphere was centered on a stationary Earth so the model was both geocentric and homocentric. Stars were fixed on the outer sphere. The Moon marked the boundary between the unchanging, constant heavens and the corruptible Earth. Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC, believed the Earth was round. He thought Earth was the center of the universe and that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the fixed stars revolved around it. Aristotle's ideas were widely accepted by the Greeks of his time. Ptolemy (AD 120 - 180) "Earth-centered," or "geocentric" Claudius Ptolemy lived in Rome around 100 AD. He is an Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer of Greek descent who flourished in Alexandria during the 2nd century CE. Ptolemy’s major contribution was that his model could so accurately explain the motions of heavenly bodies; it became the model for understanding the structure of the solar system. Nearly all the early models, including Ptolemy’s version of the solar system, assumed that the Earth was the center of not only the solar system, but the entire universe.  3 The Ptolemaic model accounted for the apparent motions of the planets in a very direct way, by assuming that each planet moved on a small sphere or circle, called an epicycle that moved on a larger sphere or circle, called a deferent. The stars, it was assumed, moved on a celestial sphere around the outside of the planetary spheres. Ptolemy thought that all celestial objects — including the planets, Sun, Moon, and stars — orbited Earth. Earth, in the center of the universe, did not move at all. NOTE: The outer planets, like Uranus and Neptune, are missing from both charts because they had not been discovered at the time. The planets are lined up to make the charts easy to read; they never line up this way in nature. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) "Sun-centered," or "heliocentric" Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus. Born: February 19, 1473; Torun, Poland. Died: May 24, 1543; Frombork, Poland. In the middle of the 16th century a Catholic, Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, synthesized observational data to formulate a comprehensive, Sun- centered cosmology, launching modern astronomy and setting off a scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus fulfilled the Renaissance ideal. He became a mathematician, an astronomer, a church jurist with a doctorate in law, a physician, a translator, an artist, a Catholic cleric, a governor, a diplomat, and an economist. He spoke German, Polish, and Latin, and understood Greek and Italian. The Earth-centered model of the universe, refined by Ptolemy, was set firmly in place in the early part of the first millennium. It was not until 1543 that it met serious competition in the Sun-centered model of Nicolas Copernicus. Nearly all contemporary astronomers had adopted the Greek Earth-centered model. It was so radical a concept, in fact, that Copernicus waited until the year of his death to publish his famous essay titled, “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.” Copernicus had two main reasons for asserting that the Sun was the center of our solar system. 1. While the Ptolemaic model was very good at predicting the positions of the planets, it wasn't precise, and over the centuries its predictions got worse and worse. 2. Copernicus didn't like the fact that the Ptolemaic model had big epicycles to explain the retrograde motions of the planets. He knew that this could be explained instead by having the Earth also moving around the Sun. Copernicus thought that the planets orbited the Sun, and that the Moon orbited Earth. The Sun, in the center of the universe, did not move, nor did the stars.  4 Copernicus was correct about some things, but wrong about others. The Sun is not in the center of the universe, and it does move, as do the stars. Also, both Copernicus and Ptolemy thought the orbits of the planets were circular, but we now know they are elliptical. Tycho Brahe ((1546 – 1601) Tycho Brahe was born three years after Copernicus’ death (born December 14, 1546, Knudstrup, Scania, Denmark—died October 24, 1601, Prague), Danish astronomer. King Fredrick II of Denmark built Tycho Brahe an observatory to measure the position of planets with high accuracy. However, the telescope had not yet been invented, so the observatory was a naked eye observatory with oversized instruments. These instruments allowed Brahe to not only measure the positions of planets with high accuracy, but he also calculated the measurement error in his instruments. Ascertaining the error in scientific instruments is expected today, but Brahe pioneered the practice. Brahe also noted that previous measurements of the planets, as recorded in the texts of the time, were incorrect. With his new measuring devices, he was able to record the position of the planets with the best possible accuracy for naked eye observations - ten times more accurately than people had been getting until then. Brahe proposed a model of the solar system to explain Galileo's observation that Venus has phases without making it necessary for Earth to be moving. His model had all the planets (except Earth) orbiting around the Sun, but then the Sun orbited around the Earth. This model satisfies ALL the observations because it corresponds to reality except that it was viewed from the point of view of someone on Earth. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Johannes Kepler (born December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Württemberg, Germany— died November 15, 1630, Regensburg) German astronomer, was hired by Brahe as an assistant the year before Brahe died. Kepler, using very precise data provided by Tycho Brahe, recognized that an even greater simplification could come from abandoning the circular orbits of planets in favor of ellipses. He didn't reach this conclusion easily, and was never fully happy with it, apparently. He really tried to make Mars fit circles, but Brahe's data were too good. Kepler’s Three Laws Today, we remember Kepler's insight as 3 laws: 1. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus. 2. The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of 3. The squares of the sidereal periods are proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes. Videos  5 PREVIEW 1:47 KEPLER'S LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5a9npp0Qbw Kepler was looking for patterns in nature, and he found three that really mattered. These three rules helped Newton discover how gravity works. Kepler also suspected there was some sort of force joining the planets to the Sun, but it wasn't until Newton worked out the details that we came to have a modern understanding of our solar system and Earth's place in it. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) Galileo Galilei, born February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy —died January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence, was the first astronomer to use a telescope to study the heavens. Galileo made a number of observations that finally helped convince people that the Sun-centered solar system model (the heliocentric model), as proposed by Copernicus, was correct. These arguments can be divided into two kinds: Those that proved that the Ptolemaic model was incorrect; and those that undermined the broader philosophy of Aristotelianism that included the Ptolemaic model. We'll first consider some philosophically important observations and then the ones that proved Venus, at least, goes around the Sun and not around Earth. Sun and Moon One of the ideas that made Aristotelianism popular with the church during the middle ages was that the heavens are perfect. This also meant that they were unchanging, because if they change then either they weren't perfect before or they won't be perfect after the change. Galileo discovered spots on the Sun and also saw that the surface of the Moon was rough. People really tried hard to account for these observations without making the heavens imperfect; one suggestion was that over the mountains of the Moon there was a layer of clear crystal so the final surface would be smooth and perfect! Jupiter’s Moons Galileo saw near Jupiter what he first thought to be stars. When he realized that the stars were actually going around Jupiter, it negated a major argument of the Ptolemaic model. Not only did this mean that the Earth could not be the only center of motion, but also it knocked a hole in another argument. The supporters of the Ptolemaic model argued that if the Earth were moving through space, the Moon would be left behind. Galileo’s observations showed that the moons of Jupiter were not being left behind as Jupiter moved. Phases of Venus One observation definitely disproved the Ptolemaic model, although it didn't prove that Copernicus was right (as Tycho Brahe pointed out). This was the observation that Venus has phases, much like our Moon does.  6 To the naked eye, Venus always appears as a bright dot in the sky. With a telescope, however, it is fairly easy to see the phases of Venus. Just as the Moon has phases, Venus too has phases based on the planet’s position relative to us and the Sun. There was no way for the Ptolemaic model (Earth centered solar system) to account for these phases. They can only occur as Galileo saw them if Venus is circling the Sun, not the Earth. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) It was Sir Isaac Newton who was able to show that Kepler's laws of planetary motion are a natural consequence of simpler and more general descriptions of motions in nature. This brought into one theory both our observations of how things move on Earth and how the planets move in the heavens. These motions are described formally as Newton's laws of motion and gravity. Newton’s most important book was written in Latin; its title was translated as Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687). It proved to be one of the most influential works in the history of science. In its pages Newton asserted the three Laws of Motion, elaborated Johannes Kepler’s Laws of Motion, and stated the Law of Universal Gravitation. The book is primarily a mathematical work, in which Newton developed and applied calculus, the mathematics of change, which allowed him to understand the motion of celestial bodies. To reach his conclusions he also used accurate observations of planetary motion, which he made by designing and building a new kind of telescope, one that used mirrors to reflect, rather than lenses to refract, light. Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) Einstein's conversion from a static to an expanding universe https://phys.org/news/2014-02-einstein-conversion-static-universe.html Albert Einstein accepted the modern cosmological view that the universe is expanding long after his contemporaries, new study shows. Until 1931, physicist Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static. An urban legend attributes this change of perspective to when American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed Einstein his observations of redshift in the light emitted by far away nebulae—today known as galaxies. But the reality is more complex. The change in Einstein's viewpoint, in fact, resulted from a tortuous thought process. Now, in an article published in European Physical Journal H, Harry Nussbaumer from the Institute of Astronomy at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, explains how Einstein changed his mind following many encounters with some of the most influential astrophysicists of his generation. In 1917 Einstein applied his theory of general relativity in the universe, and suggested a model of a homogenous, static, spatially curved universe. However, this interpretation has one major problem: If gravitation was the only active force, his universe would collapse – an issue Einstein addressed by introducing the cosmological constant.  7 He then fiercely resisted the view that the universe was expanding, despite his contemporaries' suggestions that this was the case. For example, in 1922, Russian physicist Alexander Friedman showed that Einstein's equations were viable for dynamical worlds. And, in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian astrophysicist from the Catholic University of Louvain, concluded that the universe was expanding by combining general relativity with astronomical observations. Yet, Einstein still refused to abandon his static universe. However, in an April 1931 report to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Einstein finally adopted a model of an expanding universe. In 1932 he teamed up with the Dutch theoretical physicist and astronomer, Willem de Sitter, to propose an eternally expanding universe which became the cosmological model generally accepted until the middle of the 1990s. To Einstein's relief these two models no longer needed the cosmological constant. Edwin Hubble (1889 - 1953) Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who, in 1925, was the first to demonstrate the existence of other galaxies besides the Milky Way, profoundly changing the way we look at the universe. Later, in 1929, he also definitively demonstrated that the universe was expanding, (considered by many as one of the most important cosmological discoveries ever made), and formulated what is now known as Hubble's Law to show that the other galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way at a speed directly proportionate to their distance from it. He has been called one of the most influential astronomers since the times of Galileo, Kepler and Newton. What is causing the expansion of the universe? The energy from the Big Bang drove the universe's early expansion. Since then, gravity and dark energy have engaged in a cosmic tug of war. Gravity pulls galaxies closer together; dark energy pushes them apart. Whether the universe is expanding or contracting depends on which force dominates, gravity or dark energy.21 Jun 2017 Reference: http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.htm https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/cosmicengine/classicalastronomy.html https://phys.org/news/2014-02-einstein-conversion-static-universe.html https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change/a/isaac-newton https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/big-bang/how-did-big-bang-change/v/bhp-view-of-the- universe-change  8 b. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION If internet is available you can visit these video links to answer the questions in the PRACTICE section or you may consider visiting other sites. A. TIMELINE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSSzn4bIwZg) B. TIMELINE OF THEORIES ON EVOLUTION (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsKTmrs4DrU) C. COMPARISON OF LAMARCK AND DARWIN’S THEORY (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p18uTZoBL_o) D. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0B6os-6uuc) IF NOT AVAILABLE READ THE NOTES ATTACHED NOTES: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION a. TIMELINE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION Illustration 1  9 Illustration 2 b. COMPARISON OF LAMARCK AND DARWIN’S THEORY - Darwin and Lamarck were both scientists who tried to understand evolution. - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and Charles Darwin (1809-1882) both thought and had ideas about how life on earth got to be the way it is now. They had some similar and some very different ideas. - Unlike most other people at that time, Darwin and Lamarck both thought that life had changed gradually over time and was still changing, that living things change to be better suited and adapted to their environments, and that all organisms are related. Darwin and Lamarck also agreed that life evolved from fewer, simpler organisms to many, more complex organisms. - Lamarck’s theory of evolution was based around how organisms (e.g. animals, plants) change during their lifetime, and then pass these changes onto their offspring. For example, Lamarck believes that the giraffe had a long neck because its neck grew longer during its lifetime, as it stretched to reach leaves in high-up trees, meaning that each generation of giraffe had a longer neck than previous generations. - Darwin’s theory, known as natural selection, believed that organisms possessed variation (each individual was slightly different from one another), and these  10 variations led to some being more likely to survive and reproduce than others. Features that made an organism more likely to survive or reproduce are therefore more likely to appear to each generation. In terms of the giraffe, Darwin’s theory would state that longer necked giraffes were more likely to survive, because they could eat leaves from taller trees, and therefore more long-necked giraffes will be born, which eventually caused all giraffes to have longer necks. Longer necked giraffes survived because they were a better fit for their environment. It is from this idea that we get the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’. c. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION - Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is credited with developing the theory of natural selection, or "survival of the fittest". He is considered one of the greatest scientists of all time, and has changed the way scientists think in biology and science in general. - Most of Darwin's evidence and ideas for his theory of natural selection came from his around-the-world trip on the sailing ship HMS Beagle. The expedition was arranged by the British Royal Navy. Captain Robert Fitzroy asked Professor John Henslow, a botanist with whom Darwin had become friends in Cambridge University, for a recommendation of a naturalist for the trip. Henslow recommended Darwin. - On December 27, 1831, Darwin left England for the first and last time on the ninety foot, 235 ton Beagle. During that five-year journey, from December 27, 1831 to October 2, 1836, Darwin drew and wrote about what he saw, sent many specimens back to England, and developed ideas and questions about life that existed in the past and how it changed to become the way it is now. - Darwin’s theory became accepted because it had more evidence that supported it. Lamarck’s theory suggest that all organisms become more complicated over time, and therefore doesn’t account for simple organisms, such as single-cell organisms. We also know through observation that characteristics inherited during an individual’s lifetime do not get passed onto their offspring; for example, if someone pierces their ear, it doesn’t mean that their children will be born with pierced ears. Darwin’s theory became even stronger when, many years after his death, the study of genetics emerged. - Genetics ultimately showed that all inherited traits were passed on through genes, which are unaffected by outside world, as Lamarck would predict, and are instead naturally varied, as Darwin predicted. Though Darwin didn’t know what genes were, he could see their effect on natural selection. References: https://extendedevolutionarysynthesis.com/resources/timeline-of-evolutionary-theory/ https://www.softschools.com/timelines/evolution_theory_timeline/98/ https://amazingdiscoveries.org/C-deception-evolution_Plato_Darwin https://necsi.edu/evolution https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/2529/GCSE/Biology/Explain-the-difference-between-Lamarck-s-and- Darwin-s-theory-of-evolution-Why-was-Darwin-s-more-successful/  11 c. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION If internet is available you can visit these video links to answer the questions in the PRACTICE section or you may consider visiting other sites. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltrdEO3ZsVw) (15minute video) IF NOT AVAILABLE READ THE NOTES ATTACHED NOTES: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. He began his career as an ambitious but isolated neurologist; by the end of it, he described himself, not inaccurately, as someone who had had as great an impact on humanity's conception of itself as had Copernicus and Darwin. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses). The Unconscious Mind Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model of the mind, whereby he described the features of the mind’s structure and function. Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind.  12 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the late 19 th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis the study that explains human behavior. In this theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. Three elements of the psyche are: the conscious mind contains ideas, thoughts and feelings of which we are aware and this makes 10 percent of our psyche; the sub or preconcious mind consist of thoughts that focus on the present state of the mind, which comprise 50 to 60 percent and contains materials that can easily be recalled ; and the remaining 30 to 40 percent is the unconscious mind consists of what can be retrieved from the memory. Which is well below the surface of awareness and contains repressed memories, traumatic experiences, unacceptable urges and all our primitive instincts and desires. These three elements worked together to create complex behaviors and have a powerful influence on individuals According to Freud, there are three basic structures of personality: the id, ego and super-ego. The id is the only component of personality present at birth and is entirely unconscious. It is the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction ruled by the pleasure principle. The ego is the part of the id that has been modified by direct influence of the  13 external world. It develops to mediate between the unrealistic and external real world hence it operates according to the reality principle. The last component to develop is the super-ego which emerges around age 5. It is the partly conscious self-evaluative and moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules, The super-ego consists of two systems: The conscience – can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt The ideal or ego ideal -- this is an imaginary picture of how ought to be and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people and how behave as a member of society. Many science hardliners believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as empirical or experimental data could support it. : https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/free-association-in-therapy https://www.sparknotes.com/biography/freud/context/ d. OTHER INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS INFORMATION REVOLUTION, MESOAMERICAN REVOLUTION, ASIAN REVOLUTION, MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION, AFRICAN REVOLUTION FOR YOUR READINGS PLEASE SEE ATTACHED NOTES or IF YOU HAVE THE INTERNET CONNECTION you may open the link in each subtopic. INFORMATION REVOLUTION (https://historyoftechnologyif.weebly.com/information-age.html) - the proliferation of information and the accompanying changes in its storage and dissemination owing to the use of computers. - Information revolution is a period of change where computer technology is at the root of this change, and continuing advancements ensure that this revolution would touch the lives of people. The Basics began around the 1970s and is still going on today also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age People could access information and knowledge easily. Important people of the Information Age Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web. Steve Jobs created the first effective personal computer the Apple 1 which carved the path for iPhone, iPod, iPad, iMac, and Apple TV. Bill Gates founded Microsoft, which develops programs like Microsoft Office, Windows, and many other influential products. Impacts of the Information Age The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many communication services like texting, email, and social media developed and the world has not been the same since. People learn new languages and many books have been translated into different languages.  14 also known as the Age of Entrepreneurship. Jobs can even be done from the comfort of your own home. Information Age is not all good. Huge criminal organizations rely on hacking into government systems and obtaining confidential information to continue their way of life. It also impacts our work ethics by distracting us and causing us to lose interest in the task we are doing. Created a shortage of jobs and making many jobs obsolete because machines are now being used to do the work humans once did. MESOAMERICAN REVOLUTION (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiQfo_0OZvQ&t=87s) THE GREAT CIVILIZATIONS OF MESOAMERICA OLMEC - Rubber people, made rubber ball for a ritualistic ballgame - Southern Mexico, developed the first written language, mother culture of the region MAYA - Great cities (Southern Mexico, Guatemala & Honduras) - Highly developed written language, mathematics and astronomy, pyramids (Tikal), - Ruled by an aristocratic nobility - Used cocoa beans as their currency - Also known for their mysteries AZTEC - Lived in Central Mexico, advanced engineers, religious people - Conquered by the Spaniards ASIAN REVOLUTION INDIA (https://tinyurl.com/y5xxh2zv) - Ancient Indians were very interested in astronomy, the study of stars and planets - They were aware of seven of the eight planets - They knew the sun was a star - They could even predict eclipses of the sun and the moon - Known for the manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works - Also of their medicine called AYURVEDA - MATHEMATICS o they tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy o BRAHMAGUPTA o Defined the properties of the number zero, both as a placeholder and a decimal digit o Suggested the gravity was a force of attraction  15 CHINA (https://tinyurl.com/y8zd398x) - Traditional medicine – acupuncture - Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools - Astronomy – heavenly bodies, lunar calendars JAPAN (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th2GttSbhTM&t=18s) - a Japanese science module for the INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the Harmony module. - BULLET TRAIN. The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) “high-speed train“, which was officially opened in October 1964, with construction commencing in April 1959 SINGAPORE - Singapore was the first nation in the world to commercially release the thumb drive. The 8MB "Thumb Drive" was manufactured in the country in partnership with IBM and rest, as they say, is history. - ST Electronics Infrared Fever Screening System (IFSS) – SARS crisis wreaked in 2003, the race was on to quickly and effectively detect fever –The system uses passive infrared imaging technology to scan for body temperature, which will be determined through colours (green for normal temperature, red for fever). HONG-KONG - A VIDEO PROJECTOR is an image projector that receives a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. TAIWAN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2q7xAJGhaR0&t=8s - "Little Green Man” also known as “PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN DISPLAY"; ("little traffic light man") can refer to any pedestrian animated traffic lights. SOUTH KOREA - A SENTRY GUN is a weapon that is automatically aimed and fired at targets that are detected by sensors. The earliest functioning military sentry guns were used for detecting and destroying short range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft. MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION (https://tinyurl.com/yx8lu9u6) and (https://tinyurl.com/y2lee489) - Dominantly occupied by Muslims - Greater values on science experiments - Hasan Ibn al-Haytham o Arab mathematician, astronomer and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age o Father of Optics - Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarrizmi o Algorithm in mathematics, algebra o Calendars, calculating true positions of the sun, moon and planets, tables of sines and tangents, spherical astronomy, astrological tables AFRICAN REVOLUTION (https://tinyurl.com/yd3p9ynm and https://tinyurl.com/y4ykc2zf)  16 - Development of geometry - Center of alchemy - Studies human anatomy and pharmacology - Astronomy & Mathematics - Developed the Tally Mark Systems Assignment: QUESTIONS: COPERNICAN REVOLUTION 1. Describe the contributions of the following scientists to the universe model in two to three sentences. A. ARISTOTLE B. PTOLEMY C. BRAHE D. KEPLER E. GALILEO F. NEWTON G. EINSTEIN H. HUBBLE 2. What was Copernicus’ revolutionary idea about the universe? QUESTIONS: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION 3. Describe the complexity of organisms through time (refer to illustration 1 and 2). 4. Compare and contrast Lamarck and Darwin’s ideas. QUESTIONS: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION 5. Characterize Sigmund Freud. 6. What were the his revolution all about? QUESTIONS: OTHER INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS 7. Describe Information Revolution and analyze its pros and cons. 8. What is MESOAMERICA? What are the countries considered as part of Mesoamerica? What were the first great civilizations in Mesoamerica? What are the contributions of the different mesoamerican civilizations?. 9. Name top five revolutionary inventions/contributions of the Middle East based on its impact to the world. 10. Name top five revolutionary inventions/contributions of the Africans based on its impact to the world. 11. What do you mean about revolution?