Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (Senior High School) Q3 Week 3 PDF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION 3rd Quarter...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION 3rd Quarter Week 3 Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. Development and Quality Assurance Team Developer: RENELYN M. CASTAÑARES Evaluator: GILBERT L. ARGUELLES, JAVIE L. LEGASPO Illustrator: RENELYN M. CASTAÑARES Learning Area Supervisor: EDNA E. TRINIDAD Illustration Credits: Title Page: MARIETO CLEBEN V. LOZADA Visual Cues: IVIN MAE M. AMBOS Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.  ❖ Competency: selects related literature using sources according to ethical standards (at least 4-6 local and international sources) Objectives: At the end of the week, the learners have ▪ identified the ethical standards in citing literature review; ▪ selected a good source of literature review fit for your planned research study; and ▪ appreciated the importance of writing a good literature review. Learner’s Tasks SELECTING GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW Lesson Overview Literature review is a process of studying what has already been written on a particular topic. The process involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain information related to a researcher’s research topic. The word related means legal basis, literature, and studies that have a direct bearing or relation to the present study. In a research paper, thesis, dissertation, and research project, Related Literature Review is divided into three parts. These are: (1) Related Legal Bases; (2) Related Literature; and (3) Related Studies. Related Legal Bases Related Legal Bases as a section of a research paper, thesis, and dissertation determines the relevance of the study to the government’s thrusts. The major sources of Related Legal Bases are laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda, etc. They all serve as legal bases for the In presenting the Related Legal Bases, the researcher has to arrange them chronologically from the most recent to the oldest. The relevance of each legal basis should be explained. The lack of explanation of the legal basis makes the study unscientific. If the study has Related Legal Bases, it shows that the investigation is important to respond to the government’s thrust. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 2 Illustration 1 For instance, the study is on the “UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF MILK FISH BONES AS OFFAL OF BONELESS MILKFISH (CHANOS CHANOS FORSSKAL) INTO LUNCHEON MEAT.” The related legal basis is on waste management so as to prioritize the government’s thrust pursuant to Republic Act No. 9003 known as National Solid Waste Management Act of 1999. To fight against waste, all waste materials must be reduced or recycled into useful items and reused. An experimental study must be conducted on the implementation of waste management in order to increase fish value-added products from fish wastes like luncheon meat, burger, sausage, polvoron, quekiam, fish balls, siopao, embutido, and other food products. By doing so “trash turns to cash.” The foregoing related basis has an important bearing on the study because boneless milkfish is the livelihood project for many Filipinos here and there, but the offal are only thrown away, which pollute the environment. This study aims to utilize and commercialize waste of boneless milkfish into fish value-added products, luncheon meat, to make zero waste. Republic Act No. 8550 known as The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 is also a related legal basis of the study because it states among others that it is the policy of the State “to provide support to the fishery sector…including women and youth sectors, through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial production, construction, of post-harvest facilities, marketing assistance, and other services.” Moreover, Republic Act No. 8550 states, “The policy of the State is to achieve food security as the overriding contribution in the utilization, management, development, conservation, and protection of fishery resources in order to provide the food needs of the population.” Republic Act No. 8550 as legal basis to the said study has significant bearing on the present study because it utilizes and commercializes boneless milkfish wastes into luncheon meat; hence, food needs and food security can be attained. Related Literature Literature is defined as “written works collectively, especially that enduring importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill, are written in a particular period, language, and subject” (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1979). In other words, any written materials published in a book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, and encyclopedia are considered literature. Presentation is in chronological order from the most recent to the oldest. Some education institutions allow related literature to be arranged by topic or concept Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 3 order while others in alphabetical order provided, however, that the relevance of each literature to the present study is explained. Note: It is unscientific if related literature is presented without explanation as to its relevance to the present study. Illustration 1 Suppose the present research study is “Seaweed Puto With and Without Moringa: Its Acceptability, Salability, and Profitability.” The related literature are as follows: On September 16, 2007, seaweed puto of Calmorin was featured at the Philippine Star entitled “Seaweed Puto, Anyone?” The article written by Rudy A. Fernandez stated that seaweed puto is another new product developed through research by Dean Laurentina Paler- Calmorin of the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences, Estancia, Iloilo. Dr. Calmorin said that the new seaweed puto’s acceptability had a mean score of 8.54 (liked extremely) evaluated by 26 panelists. The shelf life of seaweed puto when stored at room temperature is three days and when refrigerated, one week. The materials used in making seaweed puto are Kappaphycus (seaweed) carrageenan extract, 2 cups; coconut milk, 1 cup; sugar, 1 ½ cups; flour, 3 cups; and baking powder, 2 tablespoons. The foregoing article has significant bearing on the present study because it utilized seaweed puto with the same genus of seaweed, Kappaphycus. Acceptability and shelf life were tested. With an additional ingredient, moringa, the acceptability, salability, and profitability of seaweed puto were determined in the study. Related Studies Published and unpublished related studies are sources of materials that are included in this section. The research studies, which have a direct bearing on the present study, are segregated into foreign and local studies. Foreign studies. Research that is conducted and completed outside the Philippines even if the researcher is a Filipino is considered a foreign study. An example is “Culture of Abalone Fish Cages in Japan”, a research study by a Filipino in Japan who was completing requirements for his doctoral dissertation. Local studies. Researches conducted and completed in the Philippines wherein the subjects of the study are Filipinos residing in the Philippines even if the researchers are foreigners fall on local studies. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 4  The presentation of foreign and local studies must also be arranged in chronological order from recent to the oldest. Each related study, foreign or local must have an explanation to the relevance of the present study. It is unscientific if no explanation is given. Previous studies can provide the rationale for your research hypothesis and can help you justify the significance of your study. Illustration Calmorin (2007) published a study on the acceptability and shelf life of puto with and without seaweed. Experimental method was used in her study, particularly, the two-group design. The two groups were puto with seaweed (experimental group) and puto without seaweed (control group). There were twenty-six panelists who evaluated puto with and without seaweed using the 9-point Hedonic Scale (9, extremely like to 1, extremely dislike). Kappaphycus was the genus of seaweed used and all-purpose flour was used. The results showed that the mean score for the quality attributes of the products were as follows: color, 7.65 (control group), 8.42 (experimental group); odor, 8.19 (control group), 8.35 (experimental group); flavor, 7.39 (control group), 8.51 (experimental group); texture, 8.14 (control group), 8.04 (experimental group); and general acceptability, 7.58 (control group), 8.54 (experimental group). This means that puto without seaweed (control group) is moderately acceptable and puto with seaweed (experimental group) is extremely acceptable. The shelf of puto for both control and experimental groups is three days if stored at room temperature and one week if stored in a refrigerator. The foregoing related study has significant bearing on the present study because it used Kappaphycus as seaweed in making puto for the experimental group. The present study also used Kappaphycus as a seaweed ingredient in making seaweed puto with and without moringa. Salability and profitability of the products were determined. For Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion as a subject, you, the students, have the choice what type of research (Practical Research 1- qualitative research or Practical Research 2- quantitative research). Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 5  Here are samples of literature review for each type of research: Qualitative Research Literature Review Chemistry and Students’ Drawings Valderama (2006) cited that psychologists, cognitive scientists, and science education researchers began to intensively examine children’s drawings, scribbling, and artworks to better understand the childrens’s intelligence, their conceptions of themselves, and their relationships with their families, and their understanding of the world around them. One of these was the study conducted by Hilbing and Barke (2000) about attitudes towards chemistry and chemical education of pupils. The pupils were asked to draw paintings to reflect their point of view of chemistry. Pupils without experience in chemistry lessons show a broadly varied conception of chemistry evaluate chemical education convincingly. Furthermore, the attitudes towards chemistry and chemical education of experienced pupils interact slightly with each other. Source: Avilla,n R. Students’ images and views of chemistry: Its implication to student achievement. Master’s Thesis. Philippine Normal University, Manila. 2009. Quantitative Research Literature Review Calmorin (2007) published a study on the acceptability and shelf life of puto with and without seaweed. Experimental method was used in her study, particularly, the two-group design. The two groups were puto with seaweed (experimental group) and puto without seaweed (control group). There were twenty-six panelists who evaluated puto with and without seaweed using the 9-point Hedonic Scale (9, like extremely to 1, dislike extremely). Kappaphycus was the genus of seaweed used and all-purpose flour was used. The results showed that the mean score for the quality attributes of the products were as follows: color, 7.65 (control group), 8.42 (experimental group); odor, 8.19 (control group), 8.35 (experimental group); flavor, 7.39 (control group), 8.51 (experimental group); texture, 8.14 (control group), 8.04 (experimental group); and general acceptability, 7.58 (control group), 8.54 (experimental group). This means that puto without seaweed (control group) is moderately acceptable and puto with seaweed (experimental group) is extremely acceptable. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 6  The shelf of puto for both control and experimental groups is three days if stored in room temperature and one week if stored in a refrigerator. The foregoing related study has significant bearing on the present study because it used Kappaphycus as seaweed in making puto for the experimental group. The present study also used Kappaphycus as seaweed ingredient in making seaweed puto with and without moringa. Salability and profitability of the products were determined. Sources for good literature review Books News articles Magazine articles Journal Articles Online Articles Governments’ Circulars, orders, memos Research Papers Research Ethics Scientific Writing can be a complex and arduous process, for it simultaneously demands clarity and conciseness; two elements that often clash with each other (Roig, 2002). “Ethical writing is clear, accurate, fair, and honest” as mentioned by Kolin (2002). Basic Principles of Ethical Practice The following is a general summary of some ethical principles that researchers must observe (Noted: Adapted from Shamoo, A. and D. Resnik. Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). 1. Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 7  2. Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. 3. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. 4. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work. Keep good records of research activities such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies. 5. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas. 6. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Never plagiarize. 7. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications and personal information of your respondents, if any. 8. Social Responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. 9. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning. 10. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. 11. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. 12. Human Subjects Protection. When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 8 Activity 1: True or False Directions: Write TRUE if the scenario below applies the appropriate ethical standards in citing literature review and write FALSE if not. Use a separate sheet of paper in accomplishing this task. ______1. Teacher Beth conducts research. She shares the data, results, ideas, tools and resources. She is also very open to criticism and new ideas. She observes carefulness as one of the ethical standards in conducting research. ______2. Dr. Tan conducts research about the life expectancy of leprosy patients. Patient A was given treatment, but patient B was not given any treatment in order to compare the life expectancy between two leprosy patients. This violates the animal care ethics of research. ______3. Nurse Santos is conducting a research on the “Harmful Effects of the Lack of Sanitation”. She did not honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. This is a violation of honesty in research. ______4. Indicating the names of the person being interviewed as respondents is against the ethical research standards under confidentiality. ______5. Researcher N conducted a research about the “Harvest Rituals of the Ifugao Tribe in Benguet”. He promised to donate a wild pig but unfortunately, he failed to bring a wild pig on the day of the harvest ritual. This violates integrity ethics of research. Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 9 Activity 2: Finding a good source of Literature Review Directions: Assuming that you have already chosen your research topic and have formulated a statement of the problem. Select at least 4 – 6 sources that fit for your study. Cite information relevant to your study. It is easier when you make your research questions serve as a guide in finding a good source of literature review. Include only information that is relevant and applicable to your research study. Comply the chart below on a separate sheet of paper. Title: Research Questions: Local/National Source Foreign/International Source Books Books News Articles News Articles Journal/Magazine article Journal/Magazine article Research Study Research Study Government issued Memo, Government issued Memo, Order or Circular Order or Circular Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 10 Activity 3: Complete Me! Directions: Complete the given statement with your reflection on the importance of writing a good literature review. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer. 1. In writing a good literature review, I must avoid ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________. 2. To make my literature review comprehensive, I must look for ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________. 3. Literature review is important in every research because _________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________. Rubric for Reflection Category (5) (4) (2-3) Score The content relates The content The content does to the topic. The somehow relates to not relate to the Content ideas are clearly the topic. The ideas topic. The ideas ____/5 stated. are somehow are not clearly stated. stated. The ideas are well- The ideas are not The ideas are Organization ____/5 organized. so organized. disorganized. The sentences are There are few errors There are many written correctly in in grammar, errors in Accuracy terms of grammar, punctuation, and grammar, ____/5 punctuation, and spelling. punctuation, and spelling. spelling. Total Score ____/15 Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 11  Formative Test Let us see how far you have learned the lesson. Answer the items below by choosing the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. “Utilization of Pineapple Peelings and Banana Peelings into Soap” is a good source of Literature Review under ____________________. A. Related Study C. Related Literature B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above 2. “CSC Memorandum No. 28, s. 2014” is a good source of Literature Review under ____________________. A. Related Study C. Related Literature B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above 3. “Mathematics in Modern Living” is a good source of Literature Review under _____________. A. Related Study C. Related Literature B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above 4. Researcher Gina conducted a research study titled” Correlation of Mathematics Scores and English Scores of K to 12 Learners in Private and Public Schools in Iloilo City”. She has already written tabulated data of the research survey. Unfortunately, her 4-year-old younger sister soaks the tabulated data in a pail of water making it unreadable. What research ethical standards did she fail to observe? A. Confidentiality C. Honesty B. Carefulness D. Social Responsibility 5. In presenting a literature review, it is considered unscientific when there is an absence of_______________. A. Analysis of the information of the study B. Explanation of its relevance to the study C. Implication of the information of the study D. Recommendation of its relevance to the study Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 12  Answer Key TRUE 5. TRUE 4. FALSE 3. FALSE 2. FALSE 1. Activity 1 Activity 2 Answers will vary. Activity 3 Answers will vary. References Calmorin, Laurentina P. PhD. Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics Computer Application. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Book Store, INC (RSBI)., 2016. Faltado III, Ruben E. EdD., et. al. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2016. Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1, Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems Inc., 2016 Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved. 13