INORGANIC-CHEM.docx

MATTER AND CHANGE Chemistry Study of compositions, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. - both living and non-living matter consist of chemical structure. - All branches of both biological and physical sciences possess chemical components. - Due t...

MATTER AND CHANGE Chemistry Study of compositions, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. - both living and non-living matter consist of chemical structure. - All branches of both biological and physical sciences possess chemical components. - Due to its interconnectedness with a vast array of other STEM disciplines. Branches of Chemistry - **Organic Chemistry** The study of most carbon-containing compounds. - **Inorganic Chemistry** The study of non-organic substances, many of which organic fragments bonded to metals (Organometallics). - **Physical Chemistry** The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy. - **Analytical Chemistry** The identification of the components and composition of materials. - **Biochemistry** The study of substances and processes occurring in living things. - **Theoretical Chemistry** The use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. - **Basic Research** Is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge - **Applied Research** Is carried out to solve practical problems. - **Technological Development** Involves the use of existing knowledge to make life easier or more convenient. Properties in Matter - **Physical** Can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. - **Chemical** only be observed by changing the type of substance. - **Intensive** Do not depend on the amount of matter present. - **Extensive** depends on the amount of matter that is present. Matter composed of Pure substance and Mixtures. **Pure substance** - possesses definite, fixed, and unvarying composition with a unique set of properties - Made of only one kind of matter - **Elements -** that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and are made of one type of atom. **Compounds -** that can be broken down into simple stable substances. **Mixtures** - Two or more substances - Does not have a fixed proportion; and May be separated into its components - **Homogeneous -** Uniform and same properties or compositions - **Heterogeneous** -Two or more distinct portions, different properties or compositions Separation Methods - **Filtration** Separation of a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane - **Distillation** Separation of liquids in a homogeneous mixture - **Magnetic** Separation of a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture - **Decantation** Separation of a solid from a liquid in a heterogenous mixture based on gravity - **Sublimation** Separation of a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid. Changes in Matter - **Physical** do not involve a change in identity of a substance. - **Chemical** involve changes in identity of a substance. Elements - are pure substances that chemical changes cannot decompose. - It serves as the building blocks of matter. - Has characteristics and is arranged into groups based on similar chemical properties Types of Elements Metals - good electrical conductor and a good - the property of malleability and tend to be - high tensile strength. - silver or grayish-white luster. Nonmetals - poor conductor of heat and - gases at room temperature. - solid tend to be brittle rather than malleable and ductile. - Low tensile strength. Metalloids - characteristics of metals and some characteristics of non-metals - All metalloids are solids at room temperature. less malleable than metals but not as brittle as nonmetals. - semiconductors of electricity. Noble Gases - The elements in group 18, are gases at room temperature. - Are generally unreactive elements. - Use for lighting, party balloons, and weather balloons Measurements and Calculations Scientific Method It is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories supported by data. Step 1**: Observing and Collecting data** - making measurements and collecting data - Data may be qualitative or quantitative in nature. - System is a specific portion of matter in a given space region selected for study during an experiment or observation Step 2: **Formulating Hypotheses** - Hypotheses serve as a basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. - Hypotheses are often drafted as "If-then" Statements Step 3: **Testing Hypotheses** - It provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. - **CONTROLS**- During testing, the experimental conditions remain constant. - **VIRABLES**- any condition that Changes Step 4: **Theorizing** - A model in science is more than a physical object; it is often an explanation of how phenomena occurs and how data or events are related. - A theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena, Step 5: **Publish Results** - Communicating Measure is quantitative information - Measurement represents quantities. - A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. - A quantity is not the same as a measurement.