Introduction to Chemistry - Lecture Notes (PDF)

**what is the chemistry science** Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and the changes it undergoes. It explores the properties, composition, and structure of substances, as well as the transformations they experience during chemical reactions.   [صورة Chemical reaction in a flask](https://...

**what is the chemistry science** Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and the changes it undergoes. It explores the properties, composition, and structure of substances, as well as the transformations they experience during chemical reactions.   [صورة Chemical reaction in a flask](https://www.alamy.com/chemical-reaction-in-flask-image256165675.html) Chemical reaction in a flask **Key aspects of chemistry:** - **Matter:** Anything that has mass and occupies space is considered matter. Chemistry investigates the building blocks of matter, which are atoms and molecules.    Atoms and molecules - **Properties of substances:** Chemists study the characteristics of substances, such as their physical state (solid, liquid, or gas), color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, and reactivity.   - **Chemical changes:** Chemical reactions involve the transformation of substances into new ones with different properties. Chemists study the factors that influence these reactions, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts.   What Is a Chemical ReactionChemical reaction - **Energy:** Energy is often involved in chemical reactions, either being released (exothermic reactions) or absorbed (endothermic reactions). Chemists study the energy changes associated with chemical processes.   **Branches of Chemistry:** **Chemistry is a vast (شاسع) field with several specialized branches, including:** - **Organic chemistry:** The study of carbon-containing compounds, which form the basis of living organisms and many synthetic materials. Organic compounds**: (Methane) CH~4~** , **(Ethane) C~2~H~6~**~,~ **(Benzene)**   - **Inorganic chemistry:** The study of compounds that do not contain carbon, such as metals, minerals, and salts. - **Physical chemistry:** The study of the physical principles underlying chemical systems and processes, including thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum mechanics.    - **Analytical chemistry:** The development and application of methods for identifying and quantifying substances.   Analytical chemistry techniques and methods in areas of science analysis - **Biochemistry:** The study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.    Chemistry plays a crucial role in many aspects of our lives, from the development of medicines and materials to the understanding of environmental processes and the functioning of the human body. **Industrial Chemistry** Industrial chemistry is the application of chemical and physical processes to transform raw materials into products that are beneficial to mankind. It encompasses the production of basic chemicals for manufacturing goods for various industrial sectors. صورة Industrial chemistry plant Industrial chemistry plant **Nuclear Chemistry: The Science of the Nucleus** Nuclear chemistry is a specialized branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of the atomic nucleus and its transformations. It delves into the processes that alter the nucleus of an atom, leading to changes in its identity and energy levels.   1. **Radioactivity:** Nuclear chemistry explores the phenomenon of radioactivity, where unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously emit particles or energy to become more stable.   **Nanochemistry: The Chemistry of the Tiny** Nanochemistry is a fascinating field that deals with the synthesis and manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, which is roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, materials exhibit unique properties that are often quite different from their bulk counterparts.  [صورة Nanoparticles](https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4938) Nanoparticles  Nanochemistry in medicine - **Electronics:** Nanoelectronics, such as transistors and sensors. صورة Nanochemistry in electronics Nanochemistry in electronics **Analytical chemistry** **Analytical Chemistry: The Science of Measurement** Analytical chemistry is a crucial branch of science that focuses on the **identification, separation, and quantification of matter**. It involves a wide array of techniques and instruments to determine what substances are present in a sample and how much of each substance is there. **Key Aspects of Analytical Chemistry:** 1. This involves identifying the specific components present in a sample. It answers the question, \"What is it?\" 2. Qualitative analysis is a field of [analytical chemistry](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry). It uses [chemical reactions](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction) to find out what an unknown [chemical substance](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance) is. Qualitative chemistry is used in many jobs. It is very useful for testing for [drugs](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug) and [poisons](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison). 3. Many reactions are used in qualitative chemistry. For example, [fire](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire) can be used to learn what metals are in the compound. The [scientist](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist) would know what [metal](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal) was in an unknown compound by the color of the [flame](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire).