infictious.pptx

Infectious Diseases HIV • It is human retrovirus RNA (single strand virus). It is of two types; type 1 and 2. • Epidemiology: Global; estimated 33 million people infected. Mode of transmission: • 1.Sexual relationship; Homosexuality in 42%, Heterosexuality (49%) • 2. Injecting drug abuse • 3. B...

Infectious Diseases HIV • It is human retrovirus RNA (single strand virus). It is of two types; type 1 and 2. • Epidemiology: Global; estimated 33 million people infected. Mode of transmission: • 1.Sexual relationship; Homosexuality in 42%, Heterosexuality (49%) • 2. Injecting drug abuse • 3. Blood and blood products • 4. Materno-fetal route Clinical stages:  stage 1: seroconversion Fever, malaise, diarrhoea, rash, meningo-encephalitis, sore throat, lymphadenopathy  Stage 2 : Asymptomatic  Stage 3 : persistent generalised lympadenopathy  Stage 4: AIDS complex, opportunistic infection Oral manifestations of HIV: • Oral candidiasis  Periodontal disease (gingivitis)  Herpes simplex  Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV)  Aphthous ulcers  Kaposi sarcoma MUMPS • It is caused by droplet infection • Incubation period: 14 –21 days Clinical picture: • Parotid and salivary glands swelling and tenderness, • Facial oedema • Fever and malaise, • Neck stiffness, headache and lethargy may suggest meningitis • Testicular swelling and pain OTHER CAUSES OF PAROTID GLAND ENLARGEMENT: Calculi in the gland excretory duct,  Sarcoidosis  Reaction to iodide  Cirrhosis  Diabetes  Sjogren‘s syndrome Drug reaction (phenothiazines, propylthiouracil). MEASLES INFECTION OCCURS BY DROPLET INFECTION Clinical picture:  Fever 40 C, malaise, coryza  Nonproductive cough  Conjunctivitis Koplik‘s spots (pathognomonic): tiny on inner cheeks (table salt crystals); appear 2 days before rash  Pharyngeal edema  Exudates on tonsils Coated tongue Generalized lymphadenopathy Rash: First on face and behind ears 4 days after onset of symptoms, Small papules coalesce to form maculopapular rash, Then rash appear on trunk, Fades in order of appearance, Slight desquamation. Scarlet Fever It is an acute infectious disease caused by Group A beta -haemolytic streptococci producing erythrogenic toxin. It is Common in school age children and young adults Mode of transmission: droplet infection. Clinical picture: 1. Stage of the invasion: • Fever, chills, temp 39 -40, Sore throat. • May be mucopurulent tonsillitis and pharyngitis, Vomiting, Rapid pulse. • The patient is toxic and severely ill. 2. Stage of eruption: • it starts at the 2nd or 3rd day after onset. • Rash spread from above downwards It is diffuse erythematous rash which blanches on pressure • circumoral pallor • Tiny petechia on flexures esp. elbow and popliteal fossa (pastia‘s sign). • Tongue: initially coated then swollen and red (strawberry tongue ) 3. Stage of desquamation: Rash subsides, Desquamation or peeling Vitamins deficiency Types of Vitamins A (Retinol) B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency Diseases Night blindness Beri-beri B12 (Cyanocobalamin) C (Ascorbic acid) D (Calciferol) K (Phylloquinone) Anaemia Scurvy Rickets Excessive bleeding due to injury Brittle bones, excessive bleeding Calcium Iron Iodine Anaemia Goitre, enlarged thyroid gland Oral signs and symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency: • There is an increase in keratin formation caused due to keratinising Metaplasia of epithelium • Due to increased keratin formation, salivary gland ducts can be blocked by keratin • There is a delay in Eruption of teeth • Enamel is severely affected – Enamel Hypoplasia, atypical Dentin formation is seen • Pulpal tissue is invaded by Epithelial tissue Oral Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency: • Vitamin D is known to affect the bone. It is known as the anti-rachitic vitamin • Delayed Eruption of primary and permanent teeth • Developmental anomalies of dentin and enamel, with the teeth showing wide predentin zone with increased interglobular dentin in it • Pulp is also affected, the pulp horns are elongated and reach the dentinoenamel junction • Malocclusion of teeth is seen in the oral cavity Oral Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency: • Vitamin K is also called as Coagulation Vitamin and its deficiency is known to be uncommon but in case of deficiency we can see the following oral manifestations • Spontaneous gingival hemorrhages are seen when the prothrombin level falls below 20% • Gingival bleeding is seen after brushing when the prothrombin level falls below 35% Oral Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency: • It is also called as Ascorbic acid and deficiency leads to Scurvy, the oral manifestations are • Gums are Swollen and Spongy, the clinical appearance of Scurvy buds is seen which is involvement of interdental papillae • In severe Vit C deficiency cases there is hemorrhage or bleeding of preiodontal membranes and loosening or mobility of teeth is seen which is due to bone loss