Industry 4.0: A Summary of Industrial Revolutions PDF

INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS 1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The first industrial revolution was a transformative period from 1760 to 1840. It happened just after the agriculture revolution, in the industrial age. It marked th...

INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS 1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The first industrial revolution was a transformative period from 1760 to 1840. It happened just after the agriculture revolution, in the industrial age. It marked the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized and urban societies. This revolution began in Great Britain and later spread to Europe and North America. KEY ELEMENTS AND INVENTIONS textile industry innovations steam, water and wind power iron productions CHARACTERISTICS Shift to Factory System: Production moved from home-based handcrafting to centralized factories housing machines and workers, leading to mass production of goods. Urbanization: People migrated from rural areas to cities in search of employment in factories, resulting in rapid urban growth and the development of new urban centres. PROS Economic Growth: The revolution spurred unprecedented economic expansion, increasing the availability and affordability of goods. Improved Living Standards: Over time, the general population experienced better living conditions due to higher wages and access to a variety of products. CONS Labour Exploitation: Factory workers, including women and children, often faced long working hours in poor conditions, leading to health issues and social challenges. Environmental Impact: Increased industrial activity contributed to environmental pollution, affecting air and water quality in urban areas. 2ndINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The second industrial revolution spanned from 1870 to 1914, in the period know as the technological age. This era was marked by rapid industrialization and significant technological advancements, primarily in Europe, East Asia, and North America. KEY ELEMENTS AND INVENTIONS SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES & INVENTIONS: TRANSPORTATION: safety razors modern bicycle electricity → light bulb tractor telegraph maritime technologies (Titanic) rubbery industry trains INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 1  oil extractions methods radio assembly line ASSEMBLY LINE: It was a ground-breaking innovation that revolutionized manufacturing by organizing production into a series of sequential steps. It transformed how goods were produced, making mass production efficient and cost-effective. Henry Ford got the idea from a meat factory and used it to create the first car model, the model T. CHARACTERISTICS Mass Production: The introduction of assembly line techniques enabled the efficient production of goods on a large scale, reducing costs and making products more accessible. Urbanization: Industrial growth attracted populations to urban centres, leading to the expansion of cities and changes in living conditions. Communication Advances: Inventions like the telegraph and telephone revolutionized information exchange, connecting people over long distances. PROS Economic Growth: Industrial advancements led to increased productivity, economic expansion, and the creation of new job opportunities. Improved Living Standards: Mass-produced goods became more affordable, enhancing the quality of life for many. CONS Labour Exploitation: Factory workers often faced gruelling conditions, with long hours and minimal safety measures, leading to social unrest. Environmental Degradation: Industrial activities contributed to pollution and environmental challenges, including the early signs of climate change. 3rdINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Third Industrial Revolution began around 1969, during the digital age. It primarily took place in developed nations such as the United States, Japan, and parts of Europe, and later spread worldwide. KEY ELEMENTS AND INVENTIONS electronics pieces computers the Internet nuclear energy telecommunications → global connectivity CHARACTERISTICS Automation and Robotics: Industries increasingly integrated automated systems and robots into manufacturing and logistics, boosting efficiency and reducing the need for manual labour. Digitalization: Data storage, processing, and retrieval moved from analogy systems to digital formats, leading to rapid advancements in productivity. Globalization: Enhanced communication and transportation technologies contributed to a more interconnected global economy. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 2  PROS Increased Efficiency and Productivity: Automation and digital tools streamlined manufacturing and service industries. Access to Information: The internet democratized information, allowing individuals worldwide to access and share knowledge. Economic Growth and Innovation: Entire sectors, including IT, biotechnology, and e-commerce, emerged, creating new jobs and wealth. CONS Job Displacement: Automation and robotics led to the displacement of certain types of labour, creating employment challenges for unskilled workers. Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology created gaps between affluent and underprivileged populations. Privacy and Security Risks: Increased data collection and connectivity introduced new privacy concerns and cybersecurity threats. 4th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Fourth Industrial Revolution, often called Industry 4.0 and it’s happening nowadays. The term was coined by Schwab in 2011. This revolution impacts industries and societies globally, but it gained momentum primarily in developed nations like the United States, Germany, and China. This revolution brought the integration of Internet technologies within different operational efficiency and different relationships between humans and machines. THEMES The characterizing themes of industry 4.0 are: Interconnection: IoT, IoP, Cloud Information Transparency: pros: troubleshooting and problem solving cons: data collection, differentiation, privacy and copyright Technical Assistance: ML/DL and AI robots for assistance in dangerous situations Decentralized Decision Making: autonomous machines MILESTONES Velocity: Innovations occur rapidly, making continuous learning and adaptation essential. Scope: Nearly all sectors are influenced, with fundamental changes in business models, labour markets, and consumer behaviour. Synergy/System Impact: Technologies like IoT, AI, and big data combine to form interconnected, intelligent systems with wide-reaching effects. Policy: Ethical considerations, legal frameworks for AI, and regulations for data protection and cybersecurity are critical areas of focus. KEY ELEMENTS AND INVENTIONS IoT and IoP AI and ML Big Data INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 3  Biotechnologies CHARACTERISTICS Improvement of Flexibility: collecting data from the mass consumption was crucial Data Exchange: helping manufacturing, customization, prediction, automation, efficiency and troubleshooting Cyber-physical Systems: one of the key factor of this revolution was the development of cyber-physical systems within different fields: capacity of the connection: cloud, IoT, IoP new way for humans to interact: VR, AR, MR, Metaverse transferring the digital interactions to a machine: robots, 3D printers PROS Increased Productivity and Efficiency: Automation and AI optimize manufacturing, logistics, and data processing. Personalized Products and Services: AI and data analytics allow for highly tailored user experiences. Sustainability Gains: Renewable energy technology and efficient systems contribute to reducing carbon footprints. CONS Job Displacement: Advances in automation and AI threaten jobs, particularly for routine and manual labour. Privacy Concerns: Increased data collection raises significant concerns about user privacy and security. Technological Dependency: Over-reliance on smart systems could lead to vulnerabilities in case of failures or cyberattacks. 5th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industry 5.0 represents the future so we still now nothing about it. What we know is that, unlike Industry 4.0, which focused on automation and efficiency, Industry 5.0 highlights personalization, sustainability, and ethical technology usage. It wants to make robots collaborate with humans instead of competing against them. A downside of Industry 4.0, often considered relevant in Industry 5.0, is the IKEA effect; the perception that products requiring user assembly or personalization (DIY products) carry higher value to consumers because of their personal involvement. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 4  KEY ELEMENTS AND INVENTIONS Cobots Biotechnologies Surgery robots CHARACTERISTICS Personalization: Products and services are tailored to individual needs, integrating customer creativity into production. Human-Technology Synergy: Enhanced cooperation between humans and machines, shifting from full automation to collaboration. Sustainability: Greater emphasis on environmentally responsible technologies and ethical development of AI. Focus on Human Values: Inclusion of ethics, privacy, and well-being as core design principles. PROS Enhanced Innovation: Combining human creativity with machine precision fosters unprecedented innovation. Personalized Products and Services: Human-centric technologies enable mass customization. Sustainability: Industry 5.0 promotes environmentally friendly solutions, reducing industrial waste. CONS Job Redefinition: While less focused on full automation, some traditional jobs may still be displaced, requiring reskilling. Technological Complexity: Increased dependency on advanced human-machine interactions may pose challenges in implementation. Ethical and Privacy Concerns: Ethical dilemmas related to human enhancement technologies and data usage persist. 3D PRINTING 3D printing works with an additive manufacturing technology to create various objects from materials like plastic, metal or ceramic by building layer upon layer. 1. Firstly, there’s the creation of the blueprint (the digital model ) 2. A slicer software it’s used to transform the object into horizontal layers. The result il called the g code and it’s a set of instructions for the printer to know hot to perform 3. The file is then sent to the printer that prints it layer after layer untile it’s done TYPES FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling): it melts filaments of plastic or of many other material. It was invented in 1989 by Crump and it’s the cheapest and the simplest 3D printing SLA (Stereolithography): it uses liquid resin transformed by light. It’s the most complex and the most expensive and it could be toxic. It was invented in 1984 by Hull SLS (Selective Layer Sintering): it uses powders to build objects with LASERS and it needs industrial printers. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES flexible limited materials fast designs post-processing minimalize waste large volumes INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 5  cost effective reduction in manufacturing jobs ease of access copyright issues environmentally friendly advantage for healthcare rapid prototyping ROBOTS There are plenty of kinds of robots which are used in different fields: transportation assistance entertainment manufacturing space exploration science warehouse organization military application Australia is using drones to spot sharks and crocodiles, to catch and analyse insects pollination, for military uses and also for entertainment like races. DRONE DELIVERY Milton Keynes’ delivery robots are cargo-sealed ground-drones used for 10kgs or more deliveries. They are equipped with cameras and GPS to make the delivery easier. They want to make these drones and these deliveries as green as possible. L.A.S.E.R. LASER stands for Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiations and it is a special form of light. They can stimulate liquids, solids like crystals and gasses like carbon dioxide. They are directional focused beams and they could either be continuous or in pulses. They are monochromatic depending on the wavelength of the material Most LASERS comprise a cavity filled with excitable atoms and with a mirror at each end. The atoms can be in the form of a gas like carbon dioxide, solids like rubies or even liquids containing dyes. The LASER is kickstarted by adding energy to the cavity, this could be in the form of a flash of light, a chemical reaction or electrical energy in the form of a spark or constant current. To begin with, photons will be spontaneously emitted from the excited atoms in all directions but most of these are absorbed by the walls of the cavity except for those bouncing back between the two mirrors at each end. When a photon hits an excited atom along the way it amplifies itself. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 6  One mirror is engineered to reflect only 99% of the light hitting it, allowing through the other 1%, which we see coming out of the end as the laser beam. APPLICATIONS military (LASER designation) medicine & treatments (eye surgery) optical disc reading ring LASERS gyroscopes barcode readers industry (pointers, cutting) fibre optic communications range finding sensor measuring distances Li.D.A.R. LiDAR, an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances to objects or surfaces. By emitting laser beams and analyzing the time it takes for the reflections to return, LiDAR systems can create precise, three-dimensional representations of the environment. The airborne LiDAR needs four parts: 1. LiDAR sensors scan the ground site to site with a pulsed laser beam as the plane flies, the sensor has a detector to sense the returning pulse 2. GPS receiver track the altitude and locations of the airplane, these variables are important in attending accurate values 3. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) tracks the orientation and the speed of the airplane as it flies 4. Computers to record all the height information as the LiDAR scans the surface How does it work? 1. A LiDAR system emits rapid laser pulses toward a target area 2. These pulses reflect off objects or surfaces in the environment 3. The system's sensor detects the return pulses 4. By calculating the time interval between emission and detection, the system determines the distance to each object 5. Collecting millions of such measurements allows the creation of detailed 3D maps or models of the surveyed area TYPES topographic LiDAR: it maps the land typically using near-infrared light but bathymetric LiDAR: it uses water penetrating green light to measure see floor and river bed elevations terrestrial LiDAR: for mapping buildings, natural features, and trees at ground level and also very useful for 3D model of heritage sites APPLICATIONS wide area mapping costal changes flood plain mapping engineering applications (bridges or road) autonomous vehicles (real-time 3D surroundings) INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 7  NEUROTECHNOLOGIES Neurotechnologies enables direct interaction between the human brain and external devices. These innovations include brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), neural implants, and brain monitoring systems. This field is revolutionizing our understanding of the brain while offering promising solutions for medical treatment and human enhancement. How does it work? 1. An 8mm-diameter electrode with a sensor is slotted into the skull. It sends and receives the electrical signals that are created with our brain 2. Neurons while sending information create chemical signal which create an electric field 3. By placing and electrode near the electric field it is possible to record those reactions 4. The electrodes transform those reactions into algorithms that are read by the computer TYPES Invasive BCIs: devices implanted directly into the brain tissue Non-invasive BCIs: external devices that read brain signals through the skull Neural stimulation: technologies that modify brain activity through electrical or magnetic impulses APPLICATIONS Military training Connecting with devices (domotics) Talk with animals prisoners’ tracking Memory market improve tasks Health applications read minds BREAKTHROUGHS glasses for blin people stimulations to treat depression voice telepathy computer controlling through the brain for paralyzed people mapping of the behaviour of the brain MONKEY PONG The video shows a 9-years-old macaque named Pager with a Neuralink’s chip implanted into its motor cortex, the part of the brain which controls hands and arms’ movement. Initially, Pager used a joystick to play Pong while the Neuralink recorded his brain activity. Once the system learned to decode his intentions, the joystick was disconnected, and Pager controlled the game directly with its mind while thinking it was still playing the game with the joystick. At the end it’s showed how Pager it’s able to play pong just with its mind, without any joystick helping it. BIOHACKING Some people implant into themselves chips or entire tech elements to enhance their capabilities. There is a group created in Sweden called BioNyfiken that counts more than 500 biohacked people. Some examples: people with directions-chips or NFC-chips implanted one with a sensor into his chest that vibrate when facing North INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 8  one with magnets, earphones and different chips others take supplements to live better or longer AI China has big plans to become a global leader in artificial intelligence. It has already enabled cashless economy where people pay with their faces but the field where they are putting more effort in is the educational one. Classrooms have robots that analyze students’ health and engagement levels. Students wear uniforms with chips to track their locations. There are even surveillance cameras that check if the students are using their phone or even yawning. China is now using kids for the World’s largest experiment in AI education. Student are given headbands to check their level of attention during classes. The device has 3 sensors; 2 behind the ears and 1 on the forehead. These sensors pick up electrical signals sent by neurons and data is sent in real time to the teacher’s computer. In most of the students this device boosted their level of attention and even their grades, despite the probability of false reading of the EEG by the device. Not all the students are enthusiastic because this device add a new kind of pressure. Furthermore, the data collected are sent to the government and there’s like no privacy at all. REGULATIONS US The US Office of Science & Technology Policy released a blueprint for “AI Bill of Rights”, outlining principles to protect individuals from unsafe or ineffective AI systems, algorithmic discriminations and privacy violations. EU The World’s first comprehensive AI regulation is the “EU AI Act”. It classifies AI systems based on risks levels and imposes corresponding obligations on developers and users. UK UK focuses on fostering innovation by removing any regulatory barriers that have made its growth slower. CHINA The latest AI-related law published in China is that every new AI algorithm has be firstly reviewed by the government itself before being used. A MILESTONE FOR AI One of the most important milestones in AI development is the victory of AlphaGo over a Go’s champion. This event is so important because it represents how AI can learn from its mistake by training itself to became better and better and to think like a humans do. The successor, AlphaGo Zero beat AlphaGo with a score of 100 to 0, displaying an “intelligence” that seemed alien. The developing of these two programs helped developing AlphaFold that solved the problem of protein folding that lab researchers had been working on for decades. Other milestones for AI are the development of new programs that identify diseases and perform surgeries better. Li-Fi Li-Fi means Light Fidelity and it’s a new method of transmission that uses an LED bulb. It’s considered to be a competitor of Wi-Fi because its more secure but it doesn’t penetrate walls. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 9  The lamp driver converts digital signals into photonic signals, then it goes into the LED bulb which has an IP address and a photodetector or a signal dongle which converts signals back into digital to be collected and processed by the device. This mechanism works in both directions so you can receive and transmit data with just a LED bulb. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES more secure doesn’t penetrate walls so obligated to have a light per room way faster the light must be on cheaper and easy to implement if you already have these LED bulbs limited range optimal for big workspaces light interference and pollution energy efficiency the multiple bulbs and their installations are expensive incompatibility with other devices IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES It creates distinct experiences by merging physical world with a digital reality. TYPES Augmented Reality Virtual Reality Mixed Reality Metaverse AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AR is the integration of digital information with the user’s environment in real time. The information are overlaid on top of the real world. How does it work? AR is enabled through a camera equipped device like a smartphone. The applications are developed in special 3D programs or languages. It can detect specific objects and download texts, graphics and audios superimposing them on the user’s view. THE FIRST PROTOYPE It was invented by Ivan Southerland, a pioneer in computer graphics. In 1962 he created the SketchPad, a computer program which pioneered human computer interaction object oriented programming. It was the first program to use a GUI. He created a device, the ultimate display, to merge the digital and physical world altering the way people would interact with computers and he even wrote an essay about this. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 10  In 1968, together with some students, he created the “Sword od Damocles”, that is considered the first AR head-mounted display system. The name "Sword of Damocles" was inspired by the classical Greek legend where Damocles, a courtier, was made to sit beneath a sword suspended by a single horsehair to illustrate the constant danger faced by those in positions of power. The name was metaphorically applied to Sutherland's device because it could have represented an harmful threat. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) It simulates 3D environments that lets users explore and interact with a virtual surrounding. How does it work? It is based on a specialist computer hardware, which includes a headset and apps. In the headset there are motion sensors which pick up our movements and adjust the environment around us in real time. The term VR was coined by Janor Lanier, a computer scientist and a philosopher in 1980. In 1987 he explored the social implication of technologies and he saw their potential but not always in a positive way. He also took part in “The Social Dilemma” documentary explaining his concerns and critiques. SENSORAMA The Sensorama machine was the forerunner of VR devices. It was introduced in 1962 by the filmmaker Morton Heilig because he wanted to permit users to immerse in a multi-sensory experience in order to find a way to make cinema more captivating. MIXED REALITY (MR) It brings together real world and digital elements, where we can manipulate and interact with them. It allows people to see and immerse themselves in the world around them. How does it work? It has a headset which merges the virtual and physical worlds. It has touch controllers which use self tracking to locate our hands in VR. It also supports 3D avatars with realistic facial expression thanks to advanced eye and facial tracking. DIFFERENCES AR VR MR distorted vision of reality where fully immersed in a simulation it’s a mixed version of AR and digital things overlay real ones VR more expensive cheaper even more expensive you have an headset you can move freely, without an needs a big hardware headset you can see and interact with digital objects APPLICATIONS AR VR MR healthcare medical training gaming science interior designing industrial manufacturing retail gaming job environment INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 11  education METAVERSE It’s a collective virtual space that integrates digital and physical realities that incorporates the blockchain. You can freely interact with other people in the metaverse. The term was invented in 1992 by Neal Stephenson on his novel “Snow Crash” and it merges the words “meta”, from the Greek word for inside, and “universe”. In the book the Metaverse is a virtual reality based successor to the Internet, where users interact through digital avatars in a shared world, and they can work or socialize, blurring the line between real and virtual worlds. He took the idea from earlier concepts like in William Gibson’s “Neuromancer”. APPLICATIONS Gaming Meetings/Socializing Immersive videos CONCERNS Addiction Hikikomori THE DIGITAL TRUTH THE SOCIAL DILEMMA The Social Dilemma is a documentary film that reflects on the negative social effects of social media and technology, featuring interviews with tech experts, researchers, and activists. It exposes how their algorithms have been designed to maximize users' engagement with them. Algorithm systems grant priority to very sensational content that manipulates users emotionally in order to keep people online. Experts argue that these companies apply casino and slot machine techniques to hold users' attention. Here, it involves infinite scrolling, notifications, and even rewards for more engagement. We are addicted to social media, and sometimes we know that, but most of the time we ignore it. "There are only two industries that call their customers 'users': illegal drugs and software", and that underlines even more how social media can make us addicted to them like we can be to drugs. The film shows how social media companies collect and use massive amounts of user data, without users' knowledge or consent. "The problem is not technology itself; the problem is the technology's business model". SNOWDEN The film tells the story of Edward Snowden, a former CIA and NSA worker and whistleblower who leaked classified information about the National Security Agency’s mass surveillance programs to the public. "You’re being watched because the government wants to know everything about you. Everything." He worked for different projects around the world. Step after step, he finds out what the government wants to hide. He becomes disillusioned with the NSA's illegal surveillance techniques and decides to download classified documents, revealing the scope of the NSA's global monitoring. He decides to share his findings with some journalists in order to release the information to the public. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 12  The film recreates the tense moments when Snowden's revelations were published, exposing the NSA's surveillance activities to the world. As the US government wants to arrest him, he manages to fly to Moscow where he still is. He's never coming home. WHISTLEBLOWERS FACEBOOK WHISTLEBLOWER Frances Haugen, a former product manager at Facebook, became widely known in 2021 as a whistleblower after exposing internal documents revealing that Facebook prioritized profits over user safety. She highlighted how the company was aware of its platforms' negative impacts on mental health, the spread of misinformation, and political polarization. Among the tools mentioned in her revelations was Centra, an internal monitoring system used by Facebook to track user activities across its platforms. They immediately came out with some new regulations about privacy, fake news’ filters and users or content removal, but nowadays they said everything will be removed. TESLA WHISTLEBLOWERS Cristina Balan is a former Tesla engineer who raised concerns in 2014 about a design flaw involving carpets curling under pedals, potentially affecting vehicle braking. After escalating the issue to CEO Elon Musk and subsequently being dismissed, Balan has engaged in a decade-long legal battle seeking to clear her name and receive a public apology from Tesla. Lukasz Krupski leaked 100 GB of internal data in 2023, revealing over 4,000 customer complaints related to acceleration and braking issues. In July 2023, Norway's Drammen District Court ruled that Krupski had acted lawfully as a whistleblower, lifting a prior injunction and allowing him to speak freely with the media. INDUSTRY 4.0 - Cavallaro 13