Individual and Family Unit 1 lesson.ppt

SOCIAL STUDIES Distinction College  SECTIONS SECTION A: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIETY SECTION B: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCES (I) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCES (II) REGIONAL INTEGRATION  SECTION C - OPTIONS C1 - COMMUNICATION C-2 CONSUMER AFFAIRS...

SOCIAL STUDIES Distinction College  SECTIONS SECTION A: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIETY SECTION B: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCES (I) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCES (II) REGIONAL INTEGRATION  SECTION C - OPTIONS C1 - COMMUNICATION C-2 CONSUMER AFFAIRS C-3 TOURISM  SECTION A: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIETY GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Section, students should: 1. understand himself or herself as a social being, his or her relationships with his or her family, community, nation or state, the Caribbean region and the wider world; 2. appraise critically the prevailing societal attitudes, norms and values; 3. use clear and conscious processes as the principal means of arriving at decisions; 4. use skills for social participation and social action The Family  Explain the following concepts and terms associated with the family kinship, status, extended family, nuclear family, monogamy, polyandry, polygyny, patriarchal, matriarchal, patrilocal, matrilocal, matrilineal, patrilineal, bigamy, incest, marriage, legal separation, divorce, annulment, alimony, sibling, inheritance  Kinship- "Relationship based on or modeled on the culturally recognized connection between parents and children (and extended to siblings and through parents to more distant relatives.) Status- position or rank in relation to others the status of a father. Extended family- an extensive group of people who are related by blood or marriage or who otherwise regard themselves as a large family Nuclear family- "A family unit consisting of parents and their dependent children. Monogamy- "A form of marriage which limits a person to only one spouse at a time.  Polygamy- "Plural marriage, of which there are two major types: polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny- Marriage of a male to two or more females. Polyandry- Marriage of a female to two or more males. Patrilocal - the families of procreation of a man, his married sons and his sons'.  Matrilocal- the families of procreation of a woman, her daughters and her daughters' daughters. Patrifocal- A patrifocal family is one in which the father takes the lead role in making decisions and raising children. Matrifocal- relating to, or designating a family unit or structure headed by the mother and lacking a father permanently or for extended periods. focused or centered on the mother. Patriarchal- relating to or denoting a system of society or government controlled by men.  Matriarchal- a family, society, community, or state governed by women. a form of social organization in which the mother is head of the family, and in which descent is reckoned in the female line, the children belonging to the mother's clan; matriarchal system. Matrilineal- a social system where inheritance property and status are passed down through the female line. Patrilineal- a social system where inheritance property and status are passed down through the male line. Bigamy- marriage in which there is more than one wife or husband but when this is not recognised by the law.  Incest- sexual intercourse between closely related persons. Marriage- the legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple, including the accompanying social festivities. legal separation- an arrangement by which a couple remain married but live apart, following a court order. Divorce- the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. Annulment- is a legal procedure that cancels a marriage. An annulled marriage is erased from a legal perspective, and it declares that the marriage never technically existed and was never valid.  Alimony- Law. an allowance paid to a person by that person's spouse or former spouse for maintenance, granted by a court upon a legal separation or a divorce or while action is pending. Sibling- is a person who shares the same parents as you Inheritance- is the practice of passing on private property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. Family is a set of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who shares the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society The family is a universal institution present in all cultures  The functions of the family in contemporary Caribbean society: (a) as a unit of procreation; (b) as a social unit for rearing children, namely, the socialisation of the individual; (c) as an economic unit for satisfying basic needs; (d) as a social unit for satisfying emotional and psychological needs. (a) as a unit of procreation; The reproduction of the population in order for societies to survive. Ensures the continuation of the human species. Satisfaction of sex needs within marriage with out social disapproval.  rearing children, namely, the socialisation of the individual Socialization is the process by which a person learns to behave through certain disciplines such as punctuality, respect, accept social roles and perform certain skills. The family provides the child with its earliest set of concepts, values, knowledge and skills.  (c) as an economic unit for satisfying basic needs One of the most important functions of the family is the economic function. Parents in most cases are the sole breadwinner. They bring money into the family to satisfy basic wants of food, clothing, shelter, recreation, books, medicine,  (d) as a social unit for satisfying emotional and psychological needs The provides an island of love, affection and security to its members. Children need proper and adequate amounts of love, attention and affection in order to develop healthy, stable personalities.  QUESTION How can the governments assisting the family with some of its functions? Family types and unions in the Caribbean: Nuclear Family The nuclear family consists of a married couple and their unmarried children living together Extended Family An extended family is a family in which relatives such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles live in the same home as parents and their children. Extended families provide greater emotional and financial support.  Single Parent Family This type of family includes a mother or a father and his or her child or children, living together under the same roof. The child or children could be either born to the parent or adopted. The other parent could be absent for various reasons like death, work or divorce.  Sibling Family In this family, the job of a parent is left on the older or oldest sibling in the household. the parents may be absent because of death, irresponsibility, work, or sickness. the older child may have to leave school and start working to provide for the younger siblings.  Blended Family also called a step family, reconstituted family, or a complex family, is a family unit where one or both parents have children from a previous relationship, but they have combined to form a new family. The parents may be in a same sex or heterosexual relationship and may not have children with each other.  Changing Family Patterns Family in pre-Columbian times dictated the societal structure and played an important part in maintaining order in communities. Indigenous Mexican family structure tends to be: Patriarchal: A father or grandfather would be the head of the household. He would be in charge of its organization, proper functioning and spiritual rituals. Patrilineal: The men in the family carry the family name and lineage.  Extended: Two, three or more nuclear families (father, mother, children) lived together in one household. Organized: Everyone had a role. The men taught boys their roles and responsibilities. Girls learned from the women. Spiritual: Family life revolved around frequent rituals, ceremonies and celebrations. Structured: Extended households formed communities. Strict hierarchies and order were vital for the proper functioning and survival of the family and the community. Society was modeled by family structure and vice versa. Types of Union Monogamy is a form of marriage where one woman and one man are married only to each other Serial Monogamy A form of marriage where a person may have several spouses in his/her lifetime but only one spouse at a time. Polygamy is a situation where you are allowed to have more than one husband or wife. Polygamy takes two forms: 1. Polygyny is when a man marries more than one woman at the same time 2. Polyandry is when a woman marries more than one man at the same time. Bigamy a person having more than one wife or husband at one time and the law states it is not allowed. Common-Law or Consensual Union This union exists between a man and a woman who are not legally married but shares a sexual union and a common residence by mutual agreement. This type of family union is becoming increasingly popular in the Caribbean, however, it is widely viewed that this relationship gives birth to ‘illegitimate' children and lacks the binding strength needed to keep the relationship alive during stressful and hard times.  Visiting Relationship - In this type of union, the man and woman are not married and do not share common residence. They visit each other at times for the purposes of sexual intercourse. Comparing family types and unions Comparing different family types and unions is not about making value judgements in order to determine whether one type is better than another. It is more to do with recognizing that not all families are the same and there maybe advantages and disadvantages associated with each. Authority Patterns: Who Rules? Patriarchy When males are expected to dominate in all family decision making, that society is a patriarchy Matriarchy When women have greater authority than men, that society is a matriarchy. Egalitarian family A family in which spouses are regarded as equals  CLASS ACTIVITY 1. Identify four (4) advantages the extended family offers its members. 2. How evident is this type of family structure in your country? 3. What factors from modern Caribbean society might make it more difficult for people to live in extended families?  Homework Compile a glossary of terms and concepts within the unit from A-Z.  Roles, relationships and responsibilities of adult and sibling members of the Caribbean family Traditional family roles Families exist within a society and reflect its values. In a patriarchal society the social system is organised and run by men who hold power and authority, which has been the context for many Caribbean families, producing the traditional male roles.  Female roles Male roles Traditionally, the male role has Women have traditionally been been seen as the provider or caregivers and counsellors, 'breadwinner' with ensuring that the physical, responsibilities associated with emotional and psychological working to earn an income. needs of the family are met. Responsibilities included the Responsible for: giving moral preparation of healthy, instruction and training nutritious meals, the production explaining behaviour that is and mending of clothing and expected and accepted. showing children the love, acceptance, comfort and assurances that they need. Administering punishments and sanctions if behaviour is not acceptable. Women have also always had economic roles, contributing to the household by, for example, growing food in a backyard garden or making items either for use in the house or for sale to raise income.  Sibling roles Traditional roles for children would see them contributing to the household as soon as they were able to perform useful duties. They may be expected to help with chores around the house or on a family plot of land. They might run errands or fetch supplies and, as they get older, take part in caring for younger siblings. In some instances, children may have been expected to earn money themselves to contribute to the overall household income.  Factors which contribute to the changing roles and responsibilities of men and women in the Caribbean family (a) status of women in society; (b) choice of employment; (c) available technology; (d) leisure activities; (e) educational opportunities.  Status of women For many centuries in many cultures the role of women in the family would have been subordinate to the male, and female duties would have been largely domestic and involved child-rearing. Inequality between the sexes and sexual discrimination has also been a feature of much of our society for most of Caribbean history. However, the last 50 years have seen dramatic changes in the way women have viewed themselves and have come to be viewed by society. The movement that seeks equality in opportunity for women and equal social, economic and political rights is known as feminism. The idea that women felt that they were dominated, denied certain rights and were not as 'free' as men is perhaps expressed in the associated term 'women's liberation'.  Employment opportunities The traditional economies of the Caribbean remained largely dependent on agriculture, with extractive industries such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling developing in more recent times. Secondary industries, such as processing and manufacturing, and tertiary or 'service' industries, such as finance, insurance, tourism and technology, have been the most recent to develop. These secondary and tertiary industries have produced the most employment opportunities for women. Although the entry of women into the labour force has been increasing, their participation rates are still lower than those for men in most Caribbean countries.  Available Technology The extraordinary developments in technology in the last 60 years have influenced women and work in a number of ways. Firstly, women have more time for paid work. Labour- saving devices such as automatic washing machines and microwave ovens save time spent on domestic chores, which can be used in paid employment.  Secondly, technology has opened up opportunities for women in work situations that may once have required superior physical strength or have been deemed unsuitable for other reasons. Automation and computerisation means that many manufacturing processes can industries has been accompanied by the development of supporting technologies, notably information and communication technology (ICT).  Leisure activities Women now have more time to enjoy leisure activities and as a result are far less likely to be confined to the household.  Education Equal access to education largely exists at most levels across the Caribbean and today the questions are more to do with what it is appropriate for a female student to study. Female students have tended to favour, or have been encouraged towards, 'soft subjects' that ultimately qualify them for less-skilled and therefore lower-paid work. Greater equality is being achieved as greater numbers of female students take up areas of study that are traditionally male-dominated such as physics, law or engineering.  Education has an impact on women's lives because it has a direct bearing on the size and timing of families. Many studies around the world show that well-educated women tend to start a family later in life and have fewer children when they do. A woman might pursue a career of her own through which she hopes to attain a certain quality of life before she starts to have children. Choosing to have fewer children increases the likelihood that a woman will be able to return to work, should she wish to or need to. Results of the changing roles and responsibilities of men and women in the Caribbean family: (a) identity crisis; (b) marginalization of the male; (c) role conflict; (d) development of self-esteem and confidence of women/ independence of women.  Identity crisis An identity crisis in the family occurs when a person's status and image are eroded by social changes. Examples of identity crises faced by families in the Caribbean. A working mother may be faced with an identity crisis when her image as a mother is reduced since most of her waking hours are spent at the workplace, A father assisting with household chores (cooking, washing, attending to children) may be questioning whether he is a father or a household assistant, especially since household chores were traditionally and are still usually done by women.  Modern technology such as the existence of banks', has resulted in women having the choice to become impregnated through artificial insemination. Thus, single women who want to bear children can do so without living together. This reduced importance of the male as a sex partner can affect the male identity. The prevalence of deaths from HIV/AIDS has resulted in the loss of both parents within some families. The formation of sibling households has led to an identity crisis for children who are now cast in the adult roles of homemaker and breadwinner.  Marginalization of the male Marginalisation of men is described as men moving from the central or dominant positions they once had. In this situation in the home, the family becomes less dependent on the man as breadwinner and decision-maker,  Marginalisation occurs in education and employment where opportunities are open to girls and women in all areas, including those that would once have been exclusively masculine. While some men welcome moves towards equality, others struggle to come to terms with the situation and feel less secure about their role and sense of identity.  Role conflict A role is defined as a set of behaviours which go with a particular social position such as that of a father, mother, teacher, employer or employee. Role conflict occurs when inconsistent types of behaviour are required in carrying out a particular role. Following are examples of role conflict which results from the new roles and responsibilities of men and women in the Caribbean family.  Role Conflict Examples Parents are expected to spend quality time with their children in order to fulfil their duties towards them. However, this may not be possible when both parents are working outside of the home. A working wife who earns more than her husband is expected to share with him decisions about the allocation of finances. Sometimes the woman passes on this privilege to her husband in order to avoid conflict and to maintain harmony in the family. A mother is required to breastfeed her infant for several months after birth. She however resorts to bottle feeding while she is at work. Development of self-esteem and confidence of women/ independence of women. The effects of these changes have been very positive for Caribbean women in general with many experiencing improvement in their self-esteem and sense of worth. A woman in paid employment receives a number of benefits, such as: being self-reliant if single feeling she is making a valuable contribution if she is part of a family feeling more able to leave if the relationship is abusive or violent  A woman who shares in decision-making within the home feels more valued and highly regarded, which again improves self-esteem. It must also be remembered that not every woman in the Caribbean has experienced this equality or these improved life chances and the benefits they bring. Similarly, despite all the progress so far, there are still improvements to be made in achieving true equality.  Discussion How the changing roles and responsibilities of men and women in the Caribbean family may have impact on the family?  factors which assist in the preparation for parenthood Preparation for parenthood – physical, economic, emotional and psychological readiness.  Preparation for parenthood Becoming a parent is life-changing and brings new opportunities, challenges and responsibilities. It affects a couple's relationship with one another and with society. People get some help and support from society during pregnancy, at the birth and in bringing up children. Society looks to parents to fulfil all their obligations regarding the proper care, nurturing and socialisation of their offspring. Good parenting requires good planning and preparation. The concept of 'family planning', which has spread around the world, is a simple idea whereby couples decide how many children they want to have and when they will have them.  There are health benefits for the mother when births are not too close together. Economic benefits follow when couples are able to manage finances and ensure proper provision for themselves and their children. These ideas have developed into family life education programmes which aim to provide input over a more comprehensive range of family-related issues.  Physical readiness and health This is particularly relevant to the prospective mother. A girl's reproductive system may be sufficiently well developed for her to become pregnant before other parts of her body have reached the stage where she can safely give birth. Complications during pregnancy and birth can have long-term health implications for both the mother and the baby and, in very serious cases, can threaten the life of one or both.  A pregnant woman needs to maintain a health and fitness regime. Following a healthy, well- balanced diet before pregnancy ensures that the body has a good store of essential vitamins and minerals. Exercising improves energy and stamina levels during pregnancy and for the birth itself. Being a new parent is physically demanding and potentially stressful.  Emotional and psychological readiness A new born infant is entirely dependent on other people to provide for all its needs and for a certain period the needs of the child will take priority over the needs of the parents or will at least be a factor in determining how far a parent's needs are met. Accepting this situation requires a certain level of emotional maturity. Broken sleep patterns for parents can increase mental strain and the likelihood of physical exhaustion.  Adequate financial resources Financial readiness is important because parents have to meet the basic needs of the child, providing food, clothing and shelter. They will also need to consider expenditure on other aspects of their domestic arrangements, such as preparing a room in the house for the child to sleep in.  Activity Examine the school’s curriculum and comment on its effectiveness in preparing students for responsible parenthood. Suggest improvements.  Characteristics of Effective Parenting Problem solving skills, communication skills, socializing skills disciplinary skills, knowledge of good nutrition, showing of love/warmth, money management skills.  Problem solving skills A good parent is proactive and puts systems in place to prevent problems before they occur. This is done by setting rules for family members and consistently enforcing them. When problems do present themselves, parents can effectively deal with them by following the guidelines for conflict resolution.  These include the following: Get the parties involved to sit quietly and calmly at a table or other comfortable place in the home. Allow each party to express his/her point of view. Listen attentively to what the parties have to say. Parents then express their point of view without embarrassing or verbally abusing anyone.  Communication skills Communication is the key to a healthy relationship between parents and their children Parents need to communicate their feelings, ideas experiences, desires and commands in order to maintain harmony in the home. Here are a few ideas on effective communication: Be clear and unambiguous about the message to be communicated. Be precise and to the point; the message may be lost if there is irrelevant material in the medium. Get feedback to ensure that the message communicated is understood.  Disciplinary skills Effective parents maintain discipline among their offspring by adhering to the following guidelines which have been tried and tested over time: Setting rules and regulations for children Insisting on the practice of proper behaviour at all times, be it in the home or out of the home Avoiding favouritism — treating all children alike at all times, so it cannot be said that "Sarah gets away with anything because she is bright."  Socializing skills The following strategies work well for parents who need to be effective in the proper socialization of their children: Attitudes and values (respect, non-violence, truthfulness etc.) are much more easily 'caught than taught'. Parents therefore transfer these values to their children by being good rote models. Good parents reinforce the values taught at home by involving their children in the activities of the church, temple. Effective parents set a timetable for praying together with offspring. "The family that prays together stays together."  Showing of love/warmth Demonstration of love by parents for children involves much more than hugging and kissing. It includes: Spending quality time with children by playing games with them (scrabble, monopoly, cricket, football etc.) Providing children with their economic needs -- food, clothing, shelter, education, medical etc. Providing children with emotional support in times of crises such as sickness, inability to cope with school work etc.  Money management skills Children learn money management by emulating their parents' spending habits. Parents who are thrifty and practice good consumerism wilt have the moral authority to instruct their children appropriately. This involves: Taking them shopping with a list and explaining to them why some of their demands cannot make the list Giving them the opportunity to go to the supermarket/grocery with a fixed amount of money, then discussing whether the money was wisely spent Discussing with them the amount of their weekly/monthly allowances and how these should be managed  Knowledge of good nutrition Part of ensuring the health and wellbeing of their children involves an s understanding of the nutritional needs of growing children. Parents should be aware of the ingredients of a healthy diet and the role of exercise in maintaining health. Habits learnt in childhood stay with children as they grow older and become independent.  Homework Write letter which compares and contrasts effective and ineffective parenting. 500 word limit.