Indian Political System PDF

India  The first of China’s superlatives is its history, Indian political system The official name of India is Republic of India. New Delhi is the capital of India. It is the 17th largest country by area, the second largest country wi...

India  The first of China’s superlatives is its history, Indian political system The official name of India is Republic of India. New Delhi is the capital of India. It is the 17th largest country by area, the second largest country with population of 1.2 billion and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded Political by Indian ocean on the south, Arabian sea on the south- System west, and the bay of Bengal on the south-east. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, china, and Nepal to the south-east. India is the home of world religions- Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Sikhism. it became an independent nation in 1947 after struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance that was led by Mahatma Gandhi. Federal system of India is governed in terms of the constitution of India. India is also referred to as the Sovereign, Secular, Democratic and has a Parliamentary form of Government. The nation is basically the union of 29 states and 7 Union territories. President is the head of the Executive union. The Prime Minister is the head of the council of ministers. The real political and social power resides in the hands of the Prime Minister. erable Parliament: In all democracies, an assembly of elected representatives exercise supreme political authority on behalf of people. In India such as such as national assembly called Parliament. Legislature: The body of elected representatives at the state level is called Legislature or Legislative assembly. In India, the parliament consists of two houses- Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the people) The president of India is a part of the parliament, although he is not a member of either houses  Lok Sabha is also called the lower house of parliament. Members of the house is directly elected by the people and exercises the real power. The maximum strength of the house is 552. out of these 530 members are elected from the states and 20 members from the Union Territories. Two members are nominated by the president of India from the Anglo- Indian community. The present membership of Lok Sabha is 545. This is the 16th Lok Sabha session commenced on May, 2014. Head of lok sabha-elected by the Mps. Rajya Sabha is also called the upper house of parliament. Is usually elected indirectly and performs some special functions. The most common work for the second House is to look after the interests of various states, regions or federal units. It has not more than 250 members. Twelve of Rajya Sabha members are nominated by the president from persons who have earned distinction in the field of literature, art, science service.  Rajya Sabha is a permanent body. One third of the members retire every two years. At present 245 members in Rajya Sabha, distributed among different states and union territories Executives who are elected by the people. for a specific period are called Political Executives. The executive branch has sole authority & responsibility for daily administration of state bureaucracy. The executive power is vested mainly in president of India. The president is act in accordance with advise tendered by prime minister & his council of ministers. The council of ministers in office only so long as they All the courts at different levels in the Country are collectively called the Judiciary. It is independent and powerful institution and is considered essential for democracies. The Indian Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Court in the States, District Courts at local level. The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the World. The Supreme Court of India comprises of the Chief Justice and not more than 25 other Judges appointed by the President. Judges hold There are 24 High Courts in the country. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of supreme court and the Governor of the state. Each High Court has powers of superintendence over all courts within its jurisdiction. High Court judges retire at the age of 62. Thank you Political System in South Korea Introduction to South Korea Situated in East Asia, South Korea is a vibrant democracy with a rich cultural heritage and a rapidly growing economy. Let's explore its political landscape. Overview of the Political System Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judicial Branch The President is the The National Assembly The judiciary ensures head of state and is responsible for the interpretation and oversees the enacting laws and enforcement of laws is government's executive representing the fair and just. functions. interests of the people. Main Political Parties in South Korea Democratic Party of Korea United Future Party The ruling party advocates for progressive The main conservative party promoting free policies and social welfare. market principles and strong national defense. The Role of the President 1 Head of State 2 Commander-in-Chief The President represents South The President is responsible for Korea domestically and the country's defense and internationally. military forces. 3 Policy Making The President shapes the political agenda and leads the government's decision-making processes. The National Assembly and Legislative Process 1 Law Proposal Members of the National Assembly draft legislative proposals. 2 Committee Review The proposed laws undergo thorough examination and debate within specialized committees. 3 Voting and Approval If approved, the proposed legislation is voted on by the entire Assembly before becoming law. Elections and the Electoral System South Korea has a multi-party system where elections are held every four years. Candidates compete for seats in the National Assembly and the presidency. The electoral system ensures proportional representation and fair allocation of seats. Challenges and Criticisms of the Political System Cronyism Regionalism Some argue that political elites have too Regional divisions and interests can much influence and engage in sometimes hinder national unity and favoritism. cooperation. Gender Inequality Youth Engagement Efforts are ongoing to enhance women's Encouraging greater political representation in political decision- participation among the youth remains making processes. an important goal. ninth Lecture Outline Republic of Korea presidential system National Assembly judiciary parties and elections external relations Democratic People’s Republic of Korea authoritarian party-state Korean Politics President of ROK Directly elected by all voters 5-year term (no 2nd term) Head of state Chief executive Commander-in-chief of the armed forces power to declare war Can not dissolve the National Assembly Presidential Power Appoint Prime Minister, subject to approval by the National Assembly Propose legislation Appoint the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, subject to approval by the National Assembly National Assembly Unicameral legislature with 300 members, who serve four-year terms 253 directly elected from districts 47 appointed by political parties proportional to vote share law-making approve national budget impeach President  OVERVIEW The politics of South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea) function in the structure of a presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President serves as head of state, and of a multi-party system. The government exercises executive power. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary, independent of both the executive and the legislature, includes a Supreme Court, appellate courts, and a Constitutional Court. The constitution has been revised five times since 1948; each change indicated a new republic. The current Sixth Republic started with the last significant constitutional amendment in 1987.  The President, elected by direct popular vote for one five-year term, acts as head of state. The President also acts as Commander-in-Chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and enjoys access to substantial executive authority. With approval from the National Assembly, the President nominates the PM; the President also has the power to nominate and supervise the State Council of chief ministers as the head of government. On 12 March 2004, then President Roh Moo-hyun’s executive power was suspended when the Assembly voted in favor of impeaching him, making then PM Goh Kun acting president. On 14 May 2004, the Constitutional Court rejected the impeachment move made by the Assembly, and Roh was reinstated as President.  LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Legislative Branch The National Assembly consists of 300 members who are elected for a four-year term; 244 members are elected in single-seat constituencies, whereas fifty-six are elected through proportional representation. National Assembly of South Korea  JUDICIAL BRANCH Judicial Branch The Judiciary of South Korea functions independently from the other two branches. The Supreme Court, whose justices are nominated by the President with the National Assembly’s permission, is the most supreme judiciary body. The Constitutional Court additionally supervises questions of constitutionality. South Korea has not agreed to necessary ICJ jurisdiction. Constitutional Court of Korea CURRENT PARTIES Main parties Saenuri Party ASIAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS DR.NIBAL EZZ EL DIN DR. NIBAL EZZ ORIGINS OF ASEAN Founding: ASEAN was established on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by five founding countries: Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand. Dr. Nibal Ezz PURPOSE The primary goal was to promote regional peace, stability, and cooperation amidst the Cold War tensions. It aimed to reduce the influence of external powers and foster economic, political, and cultural development.  EXPANSION Over time, ASEAN grew to include all Southeast Asian nations. The current ten member states are: Brunei (joined 1984) Vietnam (joined 1995) Myanmar (joined 1997) Cambodia (joined 1999).  STRUCTURE OF ASEAN ASEAN operates on the principle of non-interference, consensus-building, and voluntary cooperation. Its key institutions include: A. Summit Level ASEAN Summit: Composed of heads of state or government, it is the highest decision-making body. Meetings occur twice a year to discuss major policy issues. B. Ministerial Level ASEAN Ministerial Meetings (AMMs): Ministers of foreign affairs, economy, and other portfolios meet regularly to develop sectoral policies. Examples: ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM), ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM).  C. Secretariat ASEAN Secretariat: Based in Jakarta, Indonesia, it supports implementation, monitoring, and coordination of ASEAN programs. It is led by a Secretary-General. D. Committees and Working Groups Specialized bodies work on specific areas like trade, environment, and security. E. Dialogue Partners ASEAN has partnerships with countries outside the region (e.g., China, Japan, the U.S., EU) through mechanisms like the ASEAN Plus Three and East Asia Summit.  ASEAN’S FOREIGN POLICY ASEAN's foreign policy focuses on regional stability, economic integration, and neutrality in global politics. A. Regional Stability Promotes peaceful resolution of disputes (e.g., South China Sea). Maintains the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs of member states. Engages in security cooperation through the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).  B. Economic Integration Establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Creation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015 to promote economic integration. Encourages trade agreements with external partners (e.g., Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership - RCEP).  C. Balancing External Powers ASEAN has historically balanced relationships with global powers, avoiding alignment with any one bloc. Engages with China, the U.S., Japan, India, and others while avoiding dependence on a single power.  CHALLENGES Addressing disputes in the South China Sea (e.g., territorial claims with China). Maintaining unity amidst diverse political systems and economic levels among members. Balancing relations between the U.S. and China in the Indo-Pacific region.  Thank you Stay positive