Important Points for Exam (Geography)

**Types of maps** **Climate maps:** show average weather conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, in different regions. **Nautical charts:** specialized maps used for navigation on water. They show depths, currents, hazards, and other information important for safe navigation. **Relief/...

**Types of maps** **Climate maps:** show average weather conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, in different regions. **Nautical charts:** specialized maps used for navigation on water. They show depths, currents, hazards, and other information important for safe navigation. **Relief/topographic maps:** show elevation and landforms **Political maps:** Political maps show the boundaries of countries, states, and other political divisions. They may also indicate capital cities, major cities, and other significant places. **How Geospatial Mapping Tools are Used in Social Studies:** - - - - - - - - - - **Earth's movement** **-Rotation**: Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night. **-Revolution** : Earth orbits around the Sun, causing seasons. **-Tilt of the earth's axis**: Earth\'s axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees, influencing the intensity of sunlight and seasons. **Earth movement : revolution and rotation** **We need to know how long does it take , what does it cause (), and how far does it tilt (23.5 degrees)** **Revolution:** it takes 365 ¼ days, it causes seasons, earth is tilted 23.5 degrees **Rotation:** takes 24 hours, causes day and night **Why do we have a leap year?** **Because Earth revolves around the sun for 365 days and some hours so every 4 years those hours add up to 24 hours (1 day)** **Summer solstice**: Longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, shortest in the Southern Hemisphere. marks the begining of summer, has longer days and shorter night, happens on june 21, beginning of summer on the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere **Winter solstice**: Shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, longest in the Southern Hemisphere. marks the beginning of winter, longer night and shorter day, happens on december 22, winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere **Vernal Equinox**: Equal day and night, marks the beginning of spring, happens on march 21, spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern hemisphere **Autumnal Equinox**: Equal day and night, marks the beginning of autumn, happens on september 22, autumn in the northern hemisphere and spring in the southern hemisphere **Solar eclipse:** when the moon is directly in between earth and the sun blocking sunlight **Earth has four major physical subsystems:** - - - - **Landforms are formed through various geological processes, including:** - - - - - - **Weathering vs. Erosion** Erosion is when wind, water, or ice move soil and rocks from one place to another. Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals through direct contact with the atmosphere. In erosion, the materials are moved, while in weathering, they stay in the same place.  **Types of mountains:** Folded mountains, Volcanic mountains, Fault-Block mountains **How are volcanic mountains formed?:** **Volcanic mountains are formed through the eruption of molten rock (magma) from the Earth\'s interior onto its surface. As this magma cools and solidifies, it builds up layer upon layer, creating a mountain** **The lower course river system** - - - - - - The way in which the global population is spread across the world is the **population** **distribution** **Population density** is the number of people per unit area. Population density is calculated by dividing the total population by the total area **The population density is affected by a range of factors, both physical and human:** **Physical factors:** Climate, Water supply, Natural resources, Relief, Soil quality **Human factors:** Economic, Political, Social, Cultural **Impacts of low population density** - - - - Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally over time, such as solar energy, wind energy, and timber. Non-Renewable Resources: Resources that exist in limited quantities and cannot be replenished on a human timescale, such as fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) and minerals. **Describe vernal equinox** **Vernal Equinox**: Equal day and night, marks the beginning of spring, happens on March 21, spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern hemisphere **Describe summer solstice** **Summer solstice:** Longest day in the northern hemisphere and shortest in the southern hemisphere, marks the begining of summer, has longer days and shorter nights, happens on June 21, beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere **Describe solar eclipse** **Solar eclipse**: when the moon is directly in between earth and the sun blocking sunlight **How does a volcanic mountain form** Volcanic mountains are formed through the eruption of molten rock (magma) from the Earth\'s interior onto its surface. As this magma cools and solidifies, it builds up layer upon layer, creating a mountain **How does a folded mountain form** Folded mountains are formed when two tectonic plates collide, causing the Earth\'s crust to crumple and fold upward. **Difference between weathering and erosion** Erosion is when wind, water, or ice move soil and rocks from one place to another. Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals through direct contact with the atmosphere. In erosion, the materials are moved, while in weathering, they stay in the same place. For landforms, she will give a question for processes, and name the lower course river system feature Life expectancy for LEDC is low and for MEDC is high Medc: low birth and death rate\ Ledc: high birth and death rate **What is water cycle** The water cycle is the motion of the water from the ground to the atmosphere and back again **Explain 3 processes in the water cycle** **Evaporation**: when water from the ground or bodies of water turns into gas **Transpiration**: when water is released from plants and soil into the air **Condensation**: when water vapor changes to water droplets in the air creating clouds and fog **Precipitation**: condensed water that falls from clouds on the earth's surface it occurs as rain, hail, sleet, and snow. **Factors that influence climate** elevation, latitude, proximity to water bodies **Compare and contrast between tropical regions and polar regions** Tropical regions have high rainfall and high temperatures and polar regions have low rainfall and low temperatures **Know the names of the lines of the earth** Arctic circle, tropic of cancer, equator, tropic of capricorn, antarctic circle, prime meridien **Give an example of a mitigation strategy** (reforestation, forestation) **List the lower course river system** Oxbow lake, meander, flood plain, river mouth, estuary, delta **List 4 factors that affect migration** Political, social, economic, environmental **Difference between voluntary and involuntary migration** Voluntary migration is when people leave by their choice however involuntary migration is when people are forced to move **What is a push factor** Factor that makes people want to leave where they are **What is a pull factor** Factor that makes people want to come to the a place **Give an example of push and pull factor** Push factor: not enough job opportunities Pull factor: good healthcare and services **How does earth rotate and what does it cause** Earth rotates around its axis and it takes 24 hours which causes day and night **What is a landform? And give an example of landform** Landforms are natural features of the Earth\'s surface and an example of a landform is mountains **List Constructive processes** (deposition, tectonic activity, volcanic activity, sedimentation,) **.**