Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Genetics PDF
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Uploaded by ExpansiveLaboradite2050
Mansoura National University
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Summary
This document discusses nuclear and cytoplasmic genetics, including different types of DNA and chromosome structures. It covers topics such as chromatids, telomeres, and chromosome types. Further, the document explains the functions of chromosomes and different types of giant chromosomes.
Full Transcript
## Nuclear and cytoplasmic Genetics * **Kinds of DNA:** 1. **Nuclear DNA:** Linear - on Chromosomes 2. **Cytoplasmic DNA:** Circular - Chloroplast DNA, Mitochondria DNA * **Structure of chromosomes:** * **Chromatid:** * Secondary Constriction (present in some chromosomes) * Telomere (The...
## Nuclear and cytoplasmic Genetics * **Kinds of DNA:** 1. **Nuclear DNA:** Linear - on Chromosomes 2. **Cytoplasmic DNA:** Circular - Chloroplast DNA, Mitochondria DNA * **Structure of chromosomes:** * **Chromatid:** * Secondary Constriction (present in some chromosomes) * Telomere (The End of chromosome) * Chromomeres * Chromonemata * **No DNA (Kinetochore):** Special type of protein * **Primary Constriction (centromere):** Chromosome Motor (responsible for the movement & division of chromosome) * **Types of chromosomes:** (According to centromere position) 1. **Meta Centric:** The centromere is exactly in the middle 2. **Sub Meta centric:** The centromere is near the middle 3. **Telo Centric:** The centromere is in the end 4. **Sub Telo Centric:** The centromere is near the end * **To Calculate the position of the centromere:** Arm ratio = Length of long Arm (M)/ length of short Arm (M) * **Function of chromosomes:** 1. Transmission of genetic information from cell to cell and from generation to generation. 2. Release genetic information to cellular function and development * **Special type of chromosomes:** * **Giant Chromosomes:** 1. **Polytene Chromosomes** (100x) - Gain't in thickness * **Multistranded chromosome:** Salivary gland chromosomes - Found in salivary glands of Drosophila Fruit fly. * **Endomitosis:** (Divide inside itself) and without separation * **Dark bands:** 1. Large amount of DNA 2. Small amount of RNA 3. Basic proteins 4. Gets stained heavily (positive) when Feulgen stain added up 5, Absorb UV light * **Light bands:** 1. Small amount of DNA 2. Large amount of RNA 3. Acidic proteins 4. Doesn't get stained (negative) when Feulgen stain is added up 5. Doesn't Absorb UV light * **Lamp brush chromosomes** (100x) - Gain't in length * Found in oocytes of some vertebrates during yolk formation * Found in pairs (4 chromatids) (Somatic pairing) * Lateral projecting loops - Contain proteins, RNA
