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# Theoretical Foundations in Nursing: Module #3 Student Activity Sheet ## Main Lesson You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson. ### Patricia Benner, _Caring, Clinical Wisdom and Ethics in Nursing Practice_ * Born in Hampton, Virginia * Obtained a baccalaureate of arts...

# Theoretical Foundations in Nursing: Module #3 Student Activity Sheet ## Main Lesson You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson. ### Patricia Benner, _Caring, Clinical Wisdom and Ethics in Nursing Practice_ * Born in Hampton, Virginia * Obtained a baccalaureate of arts degree from Pasadena College in 1964 * Earned Master's degree in Nursing with major emphasis in medical-surgical nursing from University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing * Has a wide range of clinical experience, including acute medical-surgical, critical care and home health care * Noted that experience-based skill acquisition is safer and quicker when it is founded on a sound educational base **"Nursing is a caring relationship and practice that cares for and studies the lived experiences of patients on health, illness, and disease, and the relationships among these three elements."** **"The Nurse-Patient Relationship is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a Kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life".** ### The Dreyfus Model The Dreyfus Model is situational that describes the five levels of skill acquisition and development: * **Novice (0 to 1 year)** * **Advanced Beginner (1 to 2 years)** * **Competent (2 to 3 years)** * **Proficient (3 to 5 years)** - intuitive * **Expert (>5 years)** - clinical eye The model proposes that, as a person improves in skill level, there is a corresponding change in the performance of a given skill. These are: * **Movement from reliance on abstract principles and rules to use of past, concrete experience.** * **Shift from reliance on analytical, rule-based thinking to intuition.** * **Change in the learner's perception of the situation from viewing it as a compilation of equally relevant pieces to viewing it as an increasingly complex whole in which some parts stand out as more or less relevant.** * **Passage from a detached observer, standing outside the situation, to one of a position of involvement, fully engaged in the situation.** Skill refers to nursing interventions and clinical judgment skills in actual clinical situations. Expertise is developed when the clinician tests and modifies principle-based expectations in the actual setting. **Novice Stage** * Characterized by a person who lacks background experience of the situation he or she is involved in. * In order to guide the performance, simple rules and objectives, attributes should be given because the novice will usually have difficulty differentiating relevant and irrelevant aspects of a situation. * Examples are nursing students and professional nurses who have been assigned to an area totally different from the one they are accustomed to. * When the novice has already started coping with enough real situations and has allowed him/her to demonstrate minimally acceptable performance within a given situation, his/her skill level also advances to that of an advanced beginner. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION.