Body Systems - PDF

# Body Systems ## Homeostasis: Internal Stable Environment/Balance * Cardiovascular system: blood circulation * Respiratory system: gas exchange (CO2 to O2) * Digestive system: nutrient absorption * Excretory system: waste removal * Muscular system: movement mechanism * Immune system: defense mech...

# Body Systems ## Homeostasis: Internal Stable Environment/Balance * Cardiovascular system: blood circulation * Respiratory system: gas exchange (CO2 to O2) * Digestive system: nutrient absorption * Excretory system: waste removal * Muscular system: movement mechanism * Immune system: defense mechanism * Nervous system: transmission **Note:** - Muscle is every system except the nervous system (vains). - There is no visual representation of this and it's a side note. # Cardiovascular System - Delivers oxygen from the respiratory system to body cells. - Transports nutrients absorbed by the digestive system to cells. - Carries waste (like carbon dioxide and urea) to the excretory system for removal. - Needs oxygen from the respiratory system and nutrients from the digestive system to function. # Respiratory System - Supplies oxygen to the cardiovascular system, which distributes it to body cells. - Removes carbon dioxide from the blood (delivered by the cardiovascular system) and expels it. - Needs the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells. # Digestive System - Breaks down food to provide nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream (cardiovascular system) for cell use. - Supplies glucose, which, with oxygen from the respiratory system, is used for energy. - Needs the cardiovascular system to transport nutrients to body cells and the excretory system to dispose of waste. # Excretory System - Removes waste from the blood, filtered by organs like kidneys (part of the excretory system). - Expels waste like urea and maintains fluid balance, which helps the cardiovascular system. - Needs the cardiovascular system to bring waste products from cells to be filtered and removed. # The Body's Defenses The body has three lines of defense against pathogens: * **First line of defense:** barriers that prevent pathogens from entering. - These barriers include the surfaces of the skin, breathing passages, mouth, eye and stomach chemicals. - Skin forms a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens. Mucus and cilia in your breathing passages trap and remove most pathogens. A sneeze or a cough can also remove any pathogen stuck in the ciliated passageways. Most pathogens that you swallow are destroyed by chemicals in your saliva or by stomach acid. * **Second line of defense:** the inflammatory response, which involves white blood cells leaking from blood vessels into nearby tissues that have become infected. - The white blood cells then fight the pathogens. The white blood cells involved in the inflammatory response are called phagocytes. A phagocyte is a very large cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens by breaking them down. During the inflammatory response, the affected area becomes red, swollen, and warm. The inflammatory response may also cause a general fever. * **Third line of defense:** the immune response. - The cells of the immune system can distinguish between different kinds of pathogens. The immune system cells then react to each kind of pathogen with a defense target specifically at that pathogen. White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. - There are two major types of lymphocytes: T-cells and B-cells. A major function of T-cells is to identify pathogens by their antigens. Antigens are molecules on the surface of pathogens that the immune system recognizes as being part of your body or as coming from outside of your body. B-cells produce chemicals called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the antigens on a pathogen, inactivate the pathogen, and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. Each kind of B-cell produces an antibody that bind to only one kind of antigen. # Muscular Systems Reading Worksheet The muscular system is a complex network of tissues, organs, and cells that work together to facilitate movement and maintain body posture. - It plays a vital role in human anatomy and physiology. - It enables actions ranging from the simplest tasks like blinking an eye to the most strenuous activities like running a marathon. - Comprised of over 600 individual muscles, this intricate system provides locomotion, contributes to heat generation, body support, and the protection of vital organs. ## Types of Muscles: * **Skeletal muscles**: responsible for voluntary movements, such as walking or writing, and are attached to bones by tendons. * **Smooth muscles**: involuntary muscles that line the walls of organs, ensuring proper functioning of bodily processes like digestion. * **Cardiac muscles** : form the walls of the heart, contracting and relaxing to facilitate blood circulation throughout the body. ## Make-Up of Muscles - Muscles consist of bundles of long, slender cells called muscle fibers. - These fibers are made up of smaller units called myofibrils, which contain even tinier structures called sarcomeres. - Sarcomeres are the fundamental units of muscle contraction, composed of two main proteins: actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a signal from the nervous system, these proteins interact, causing the sarcomeres to slide past each other, resulting in muscle contraction. The energy required for this process comes from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule responsible for storing and releasing energy in cells. ## Functions of the Muscular System 1. **Provides movement:** Muscles attach to bones via tendons, allowing us to perform a wide range of movements, from gross motor skills like running and jumping to fine motor skills like writing or playing an instrument. 2. **Maintains body posture and stability:** Muscles constantly adjust and contract to keep our bodies upright and balanced. This prevents us from collapsing under the pull of gravity. 3. **Thermoregulation:** Muscles generate heat, contributing to the body's overall temperature regulation. This is especially evident during exercise, as muscles produce heat while working harder. 4. **Protects vital organs:** : Muscles surround and cushion delicate organs like the heart, liver, and lungs, acting as a natural barrier against external forces that may cause injury. ## Conclusion The muscular system is a marvel of movement, providing the foundation for human locomotion and facilitating a myriad of bodily functions. Its intricate structure: comprised of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, allows us to carry out both voluntary and involuntary movements. From the contraction of sarcomeres to the generation of heat, muscles are involved in every aspect of our physical existence. Understanding the complexities of the muscular system not only helps us appreciate the remarkable capabilities of our bodies but also highlights the necessity of maintaining and caring for this vital system. # Types of Tissues in the Body **Cell-tissue-organs-organ system-organism** - Each cell is specialized. ## Tissues in your body: 1. **Skeletal Muscle:** fibers are striated, tubular, and multinucleated, are voluntary, usually attached to the skeleton. 2. **Smooth Muscle:** fibers aren't striated. They are uninucleated, and usually covering internal organs. 3. **Cardiac Muscle:** fibers are striated, branched, and uninucleated, are involuntary, only covering walls of the heart. # Warmup: - Your heart rate and breath rate increase at higher altitudes because there is less oxygen. # Kidney The kidney filters cellular waste out of the blood for removal. - **Excretory** - **CO2** - white blood cells - throughout the body - to fight # Respiratory - Breathing, gas exchange (exchanging CO2 and O2), releases energy for cells to use - *Diaphragm* is the muscle - Getting rid of CO2 # Warmup - At high altitudes, your heart rate and breathing rate increase because the lack of oxygen requires the respiratory system to work harder to get the gasses from the circulatory system. # 11/13 - The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to disperse medicine throughout the body. The respiratory system takes in oxygen so that the heart can pump the blood through the body. Once the pill breaks down, in your digestive system, the medicine goes into your bloodstream. # Digestion - Digestion starts when your senses detect food. - Chemical digestion starts with saliva - Mechanical digestion starts with chewing - Large intestine: takes out liquid - Small intestine: takes out nutrients # Blatter The bladder is the muscle in the excretory system.