IM 2.22, Introduction to Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Anatomy I (2.22) Dr. Shahira Samir Professor of Anatomy & Embryology 2024/2025  Objectives By the end of this session, you should be able to: Appreciate the value of anatomy laboratory teaching and to get the most out of it. Appreciate how cadavers are donated &...

Introduction to Anatomy I (2.22) Dr. Shahira Samir Professor of Anatomy & Embryology 2024/2025  Objectives By the end of this session, you should be able to: Appreciate the value of anatomy laboratory teaching and to get the most out of it. Appreciate how cadavers are donated & used to teach. Understand basic anatomical terminology & the anatomical language Describe the layout of the human skeleton Describe the basic kinds of joints found between bones and their range of movement Understand the difference between ligaments, tendons and muscles ✓ Reading What is Anatomy ? Anatomy (Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, to cut up, cut open). It is the branch of biology that deals with structure and organization of living things. Anatomy can be covered either regionally or systemically. At NGU the medical course is delivered as a series of system based modules. ✓ Reading Why study Anatomy ? Anatomy is the knowledge of the exact form, position, size and relationship of the various structures of the healthy human body. ✓ Reading How do we study Anatomy? Dissection is the best way to learn 3-D anatomy. Plastic models/CD-ROMs/DVDs Software (e.g. Anatomy.TV)  ✓ Reading How do we obtain cadavers for dissection? Donors allover the world complete a bequeathal form whilst still alive ! After death the body is embalmed (or frozen, imported then embalmed) & dissected over a 6-9 months period. After this period the parts are buried.  ✓ Reading What we expect from you… A.L. Protocol: 1. ID card 2. Register your attendance 3. White full length lab coat at all times 4.Normal laboratory rules (no eating or drinking, etc.) 5. NO photography, video or PHONES 6.NO Transfer of body parts between cadavers ✓ Reading Anatomy in the A.L.: Tips 1.Complete the SDL in advance (or be prepared with the readings related to the subject of the session) 2.Try to palpate structures on yourself and your friends (you’ll need to do it on patients shortly). 3.Look at the pots, X-rays, MRIs etc. and relate them to structures that you can see on your cadaver. 4. Bring an anatomy atlas/textbook to the A.L. try and identify the relevant structures for each practical session. Staff to help you Demonstrators To help you learn anatomy in the context of your module, not for mini lectures. Technical staff Now for some Anatomy… Terminologia Anatomica Anatomical Position Regions of the Body Anatomical Planes Terms of Position Musculoskeletal System Movement at Joints Why we need an anatomical language… As doctors you need to communicate clearly and precisely, as misunderstandings can have unfortunate results! Terminologia Anatomica – rich anatomical language A series of conventions and terms used to define positions and movements. Anatomical Position Pain above the 5th left rib ! (Patients can either be standing or lying down) So we use a standard position: Standing erect Face forward Palms facing forward Regions of the Body Not always precisely defined limits but useful descriptive terms in anatomy and clinical medicine. Most are self explanatory. NB: arm = arm & forearm; leg = thigh & leg. Anatomical Planes Used in anatomy to indicate cuts or sections made through a cadaver Anatomical Planes Median Plane Vertical plane passing from front to back of the body through the midline (divides the body into equal right & left halves) Anatomical Planes Sagittal Plane Any plane parallel to the median plane (divides the body into unequal right & left parts) Anatomical Planes Coronal Plane All vertical planes that pass from side to side and are at right angles to the median plane (divides the body into anterior & posterior parts) Anatomical Planes Horizontal Plane Planes that are at right angles to both coronal and median planes (CT & MRI Scans) Left and Right A horizontal section can be viewed from above or below – so side now becomes important. The convention is that all sections are viewed from below. e.g. CT & MRI scans A patients left is a doctors right! Anatomical Terms of Position Anterior/Posterior Ventral/Dorsal (more often applied to surfaces) Superior/Inferior Superficial/Deep Midline (Median Plane) Medial/Lateral Medial = nearest midline Lateral = furthest from midline Proximal/Distal Proximal = nearest origin or midline Distal = furthest from origin or midline Anatomical Terms of Position Anterior view Posterior view Anatomical Terms of Position Anterior view Musculoskeletal System Classification of bones Classification of the skeleton Joints – Ligaments – Tendons – Muscles Classification of Bones Long bones e.g. femur Short bones e.g. wrist (carpal) bones Flat bones e.g. scapular Irregular bones e.g. vertebrae Classification of Bones of the Thorax Classification of Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull Vertebral Column Ribs Sternum Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper limb Lower limb  Joints: a joint is a union between two or more bones (not all joints are mobile). Ligaments: connect bones to other bones to form a joint. Classification of Joints (Arthroses) 1. Fibrous joints - fibrous tissue unites bones. 2. Cartilaginous joints - hyaline cartilage unites bones. 3. Synovial joints - hyaline cartilage is separated by a synovial fluid filled cavity. Classification of Joints 1. Fibrous joints – allow minimal or limited movement, e.g. suture of the skull Classification of Joints 2. Cartilaginous joints – allow minimal or limited movement. a. Primary – hyaline cartilage directly unites the bones, e.g. first rib and the manubrium. b. Secondary – hyaline cartilage is separated by a layer of fibrocartilage e.g. manubrium and sternum (midline joints). Classification of Joints 3. Synovial joints – hyaline cartilage is separated by a synovial fluid filled cavity, which allow a wide range of movement, e.g. ribs and vertebrae. Classification of Joints Classification of Joints of the Thorax Musculoskeletal System Classification of bones Classification of the skeleton Joints - a joint is a union between two or more bones. – Ligaments - connect bones to other bones to form a joint. – Tendons - connect muscle to bones. –Muscles - attach to bone via tendons they contract and relax causing the skeleton to move at the joints. Musculoskeletal System Muscles Variety of shapes and Quadrangular Triangular Fusiform Bicipital fiber arrangements of or Strap muscles Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Movement at Joints Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Rotation Circumduction Thank you