Aircraft Fuel System PDF

Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Piston Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Gas turbine engine Fuel  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Types of engines − reciprocating engine  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ reciprocating engine  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫...

Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Piston Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Gas turbine engine Fuel  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Types of engines − reciprocating engine  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ reciprocating engine  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Gas turbine Engine  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Gas turbine Engine  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Piston Aircraft Fuel AVGAS ⚫ AVGAS 100 LL ⚫ AVGAS 100 ⚫ AVGAS 82 UL  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Gas turbine engine Aircraft Fuel − AVTUR ⚫ JET A1 ⚫ JET A − AVTAG ⚫ JET B Aircraft Fuel Aircraft Fuel  Aircraft Fuel Jet fuels are also composed of hydrocarbons with a little more carbon and usually a higher sulphur content than gasoline. Inhibitors may be added to reduce corrosion and oxidation. Anti-icing additives are also being blended to prevent fuel icing.  Aircraft Fuel Two types of jet fuel in common use today are: (1) Kerosene grade turbine fuel, now named Jet A; and (2) a blend of gasoline and kerosene fractions, designated Jet B. There is a third type, called Jet A1, made for operation at extremely low temperatures.  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Additives − FSII (Fuel system icing inhibitor) − HiTec − Static Dissipater − Corrosion inhibitors − Metal De-activators  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Thing to avoid within the fuel system − Water − Wax − Boiling  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Thing to avoid within the fuel system − Water  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Thing to avoid within the fuel system − Wax  Aircraft Fuel ⚫ Thing to avoid within the fuel system − Boiling  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Types − Integral − Rigid − Flexible  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Types − Integral  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Types − Rigid  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Types − Flexible  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Jettison – Fuel jettisoning involves the intentional release of fuel from an aircraft to reduce weight or manage emergency situations. It is typically done in a controlled manner, following strict protocols to ensure safety and minimize environmental or operational risks.  Aircraft Fuel Storage ⚫ Jettison Aircraft Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Fuel Tanks (Left and Right Main Tanks): These store the fuel. Equipped with level sensors to measure fuel quantity and vents to equalize pressure as fuel is consumed. Have fuel drains for removing contaminants like water or debris during pre-flight checks. ⚫ Fuel Selector Valve: Allows the pilot to choose the fuel source (Left Tank, Right Tank, or Both). This ensures proper fuel management during flight. Aircraft Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Fuel Strainer: Removes contaminants from the fuel before it enters the fuel pumps or carburetor. ⚫ Electric Fuel Pump: Provides fuel pressure during engine start or in case of failure of the engine- driven fuel pump. Operated by the pilot, often during takeoff, landing, or when switching tanks. Aircraft Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Engine-Driven Fuel Pump: The primary pump that supplies fuel to the carburetor during normal operation. Driven by the engine, ensuring a consistent fuel flow. ⚫ Carburetor: Mixes fuel with air in the correct ratio for combustion in the engine. Controlled by the Throttle (regulates engine power) and the Mixture Control (adjusts fuel-to-air ratio, especially for altitude changes). Aircraft Fuel system  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Priming Pump: Manually operated by the pilot to inject fuel directly into the inlet manifold for easier engine starts in cold conditions. ⚫ Fuel Gauges and Indicators: Display the fuel levels in each tank, fuel pressure, and other essential data such as oil temperature and oil pressure for engine monitoring.  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Monitoring and indication  Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Monitoring and indication  Flow of Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ Fuel flows from the selected tank (via the fuel selector valve). ⚫ It passes through the fuel strainer to filter out contaminants. ⚫ The fuel is then pressurized by the electric fuel pump or engine-driven pump.  Flow of Aircraft Fuel System ⚫ It reaches the carburetor, where it is mixed with air. ⚫ The air-fuel mixture is delivered to the engine cylinders for combustion.  Aircraft Fuel System Key Safety Features Redundancy: Two fuel pumps (electric and engine-driven) ensure fuel delivery even if one fails. Vent System: Prevents fuel tank vacuum and ensures steady fuel flow.  Aircraft Fuel System Key Safety Features Strainer: Minimizes risks of contaminants entering the engine. This system ensures reliable fuel delivery and offers the pilot control over fuel management during flight. Flight Instruments  Flight Instruments The 6 pack flight instruments are the first set of instruments student pilots are trained to familiarize themselves with. They include these aircraft instruments: 1. Airspeed Indicator (ASI) 2. Altimeter 3. Attitude Indicator (AI) 4. Heading Indicator (HI) 5. Turn Coordinator (TC) 6. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) Flight instruments  Flight Instruments ⚫ Pitot-static Instruments – these intruments get their data through relative air pressure readings that are then used to extrapolate metrics like altitude and speed. − Altimeter − Vertical Speed indicator − Airspeed indicator  Flight Instruments ⚫ Gyroscopic Instruments - these instruments use spinning gyros and gimbals to register changes to aircraft headings and attitude. Gyroscopic flight instruments help pilots maintain their orientation to their surroundings. − Turn Coordinator − Attitude Indicator − Heading indicator  Flight Instruments Pitot-static Instruments  Flight Instruments Pitot-static Instruments − Altimeter ⚫ The altimeter indicates the altitude of the aircraft relative to the existing atmospheric pressure present outside. Because we know that at certain altitudes, a drop in pressure can be experienced, we can measure the pressure present in the atmosphere to give us a relatively accurate output on the altitude or height we are located at.  Flight Instruments Pitot-static Instruments − Altimeter  Flight Instruments Pitot-static Instruments − Altimeter ⚫ Due to changes in atmospheric pressure (e.g. low pressure areas present in the pacific during monsoon seasons), the altimeter needs to be calibrated using weather forecasts provided at stations located 100 nautical miles within your flightpath.  Flight Instruments ⚫ Pitot-static instruments − Vertical Speed indicator  Flight Instruments Pitot-static instruments − Vertical Speed indicator ⚫ The vsi measures the rate of ascent and descent of the aircraft. It uses the rate at which the bellow releases or takes in through a metered hole compared to the pressure outside.  Flight Instruments Pitot-static Instruments − Airspeed Indicator ⚫ Measures the speed at which the aircraft is travelling. Can indicate the speed in knots (equivalent to 1 nautical mile per hour.) ⚫ Uses the pressure at the pitot tube. This pressure is generated by the speed the aircraft “catches” the air.  Flight Instruments ⚫ Pitot-static instruments  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Uses the natural ability of a gyroscope called ‘rigidity in space’, which Is a phenomenon wherein as long as the rotor of the gyroscope is spinning, it will try to maintain its relative position in space.  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Because gyroscopic instruments maintain rigidity in space, they are prone to what is called drift, wherein they start becoming misaligned due to the natural rotation of the earth. This drift happens at around 15°/hour.  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Turn Coordinator ⚫ The turn coordinator shows whenever the aircraft is experiencing a slip or a skid. When the black circle moves towards the right, this means that the pilot needs to add a right rudder pedal to coordinate the turn and vice versa.  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Attitude Indicator ⚫ The attitude indicator shows the position of the aircraft around the roll and pitch axis. The indicator shows a blue section which denotes the sky and a brown section which denotes the ground. When an aircraft rolls towards the right, the brown segment will move towards the right of the indicator.  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Attitude Indicator  Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Instruments − Heading Indicator ⚫ Acts as a compass. The indicator has a graphic of an aircraft with the nose pointed in the direction of travel. Flight Instruments  Flight Instruments The image before shows a PFD or a primary flight display which consolidates all the previously shown instruments into one easy to read display. These are used by modern aircrafts. Flight Instruments  AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY/SAFETY EQUIPMENT  2 INTRODUCTION Safety equipment provisions, usage, and marking are regulated by various standards. This guide offers a general overview of emergency equipment positioning and use, which may vary by aircraft type. So, always refer to the specific Flight/Operations Manual for detailed guidance.  3 INTRODUCTION Equipment is listed in the order it might be used in a ditching or crash landing scenario. It must be easily accessible, clearly located, and protected from accidental damage. PUBLIC ADDRESS  5 PUBLIC ADDRESS When required at least one microphone to be available for use by the flight attendant (cabin staff) at each floor level exit in the passenger compartment. It is usual for all flight crew members to be able to use the public address either through a hand microphone or their normal headset communications. EMERGENCY LIGHTING  7 EMERGENCY LIGHTING An emergency lighting system independent of the main lighting system must be installed. The system must include:  8 ILLUMINATED EMERGENCY EXIT MARKING AND LOCATION SIGNS  9 EXTERNAL EMERGENCY LIGHTING  10 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNS  11 AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY ESCAPE PATH MARKINGS EMERGENCY EXIT LIGHTS - IN A TYPICAL INSTALLATION  13 PURPOSE AND POWER SOURCE Clearly marked exit lights throughout the cabin indicate emergency routes. Powered by individual Nicad batteries with charging, monitoring, and voltage regulation circuits. They provide up to 20 minutes of power.  14 CONTROL SYSTEM Cockpit Control Switch: Positions: OFF, ARMED, ON (guarded to ARMED). In ARMED mode, lights activate automatically if power to 28V DC Bus No.1 fails. Cabin Attendant Control Switch: Positions: NORMAL, ON (guarded to NORMAL). In ON mode, attendants can override cockpit controls. INTERIOR LIGHTING 15 SYSTEM Locations: Aisle illumination from stowage bin bullnoses. Entry, service, and overwing hatches. Ceiling for exit identification and general area lighting. Self-illuminating exit signs at the forward, middle, and aft cabin sections.  16 INTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEM Floor Proximity Lighting: Locator lights every 40 inches with lighted arrows and exit indicators near floor level. Guides evacuation when upper cabin lighting is obscured by smoke.  17 EMERGENCY LIGHTS IN THE CABIN EXTERIOR LIGHTING 18 SYSTEM Illuminates escape slides and overwing exits. Installed near forward/aft service entry doors and overwing escape routes. MEGAPHONES  20 MEGAPHONES Located at strategic points: front/rear, upper/lower decks. Used by cabin staff for passenger communication during power failures. Battery-powered and must be checked before each flight. Testing: Press transmit switch and check for an audible "click" or green neon light.  21 MEGAPHONES Megaphones are fitted as per scale below for each passenger deck: TORCHES  23 TORCHES Legally required on public transport aircraft. Located at each crew station, flight deck, and floor-level exits. Secured by Velcro straps; not rechargeable from aircraft power. Serviceability indicated by a flashing red neon light on the torch body. EMERGENCY EXIT DESCENT DEVICES  25 EMERGENCY EXIT DESCENT DEVICES Evacuation Equipment Types: Rope, slide, inertial reel, or tape.  26 ESCAPE METHODS Inflatable Slides: Rigid slides may double as life rafts. Stored in doors; must be set to ENGAGE for emergency use or DETACH for normal operations. Apron Slides: Require manual tensioning by the first two escapees.  27 AIRCRAFT RAFT / SLIDE  28 ESCAPE METHODS Inertial Reel Systems: Found on larger aircraft; crew slides down using a handle for controlled descent.  29 EMERGENCY EXIT DESCENT DEVICES Flotation Equipment Regulations: Required if operating more than 120 minutes or 400 miles from land. Life jackets mandatory for takeoff or landing over water. Deployment Instructions: Issued by flight crew via Public Address (PA) system during emergencies. OVERWING ESCAPE HATCHES  31 OVERWING ESCAPE HATCHES Location & Design: Positioned over wings in the passenger cabin. Plug-type hatches secured by mechanical locks and cabin pressure. Operation: Can be opened from inside or outside using a spring- loaded handle. Seat-backs blocking the exit can be pushed forward for access.  32 OVERWING ESCAPE HATCHES Safety Precautions: Hatches must not be removed in flight. Removal triggers overwing emergency exit lights if cockpit switch is in ARMED position. Evacuation Procedures: During ground or water evacuation, place hatch to avoid blocking exits (e.g., onto the wing or seat armrests). OVERWING ESCAPE STRAPS  34 OVERWING ESCAPE STRAPS Escape straps are installed above each emergency escape hatch frame. The overwing escape hatches must be removed to expose the straps. One end of the strap is attached to the hatch frame. The remainder of the strap is stowed in a tube extending into the cabin ceiling. CUT-IN-AREAS  36 CUT-IN-AREAS In the event that the nominated emergency exits are blocked or are unable to be opened, a supplementary escape route, which can be broken from outside the aircraft, must be available.  37 CUT-IN-AREAS These will take the form of cut-in-areas and are mandatory on public transport aircraft over 3600 kg airframe unit weight. They are rectangular in shape, marked by right angled corners and red or yellow in color and outlined in white if a contrast is required. Cut-in-areas are not weak points on the fuselage structure, but areas under which no control runs, electrical looms or multi stringers exist DOORS / EMERGENCY EXITS  39 DOORS / EMERGENCY EXITS Apart from the obvious purpose of entry to an aircraft, doors may act as emergency exits. However, if this is the case they must be outlined externally by a 3 cm band in a contrasting color. This requirement applies to any opening designated as an emergency exit. LOCATOR BEACONS LOCATOR BEACONS The beacon is operated by pulling on the red toggle, which in turn releases the “Velcro” straps holding the aerial. Release of the aerial will lift the aerial from its position parallel to the cylinder switches on the radio transmitter.  42 LOCATOR BEACONS The aerial will lift to the vertical position, a neon lamp on top of the beacon will continuously pulsate indicating the beacon is transmitting. The volume, weight and shape of the cylinder are such as to provide sufficient buoyancy to maintain the aerial in a vertical position above the water. FIRST AID EQUIPMENT  44 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT These are not sealed and are designed for use by cabin crew for the treatment of minor emergencies and ailments. Information, contents list and survival booklets are inside. ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT FIRE-PROOF GLOVES A pair of fire-proof gloves are usually stowed on the flight deck for use in handling overheated equipment. They are normally made of Nomex with silver heat resistance coating. FIRE AXE OR JEMMY One fire axe or jemmy will be stowed on the flight deck whilst one or more may be stowed in a secure place in the cabin out of view of the passengers. These are used for levering and lifting hot panels or access doors to fight a fire beneath with a hand held extinguisher. THANK YOU