Collective Behavior PDF

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR Handout Collective Behavior An activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often unusual situation, controversial and sometimes dangerous Collectivity – a large number of people whose minimal interaction occurs in th...

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR Handout Collective Behavior An activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often unusual situation, controversial and sometimes dangerous Collectivity – a large number of people whose minimal interaction occurs in the absence of well- defined and conventional norms. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR A. Localized collectivities – refers to the people physically close to one another as in the case of crowds and mob and riot. Types of Localized Collectivities 1. Crowd – a temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another. Ex. Concerts, sporting events, political demonstration, a registration hall of large universities Types of crowd 1. Casual crowd – a loose collection of people who interact little or not at all. Ex. People lying on beach People who rush to the scene of an automobile accident 2. Conventional crowd – result from deliberate planning Ex. College lecture Concert, or any organized activity 3. Expressive crowd – form around an event with emotional appeal Ex. Religious revival, New Year’s Eve celebration in a certain venue, victory party. 4. Acting crowd – collectivity motivated by intense single-minded purpose. Ex. Audience rushing the door of a concert hall. Fleeing from a mall after hearing a gunshot.  Acting crowd are set in motion by powerful emotions which sometimes trigger mob violence.  Mob and Riot Mob - when an acting crowd turns violent, the result is mob - A highly emotional crowd that pursue a violent or destructive goal. - Continue to exist depends on its precise goals and whether its leadership tries to inflame or calm the crowd. Riot – a highly energized crowd with no particular purpose. - A social eruption that is highly emotional, violent and undirected. - No clear goals except perhaps to express dissatisfaction. THEORY EXPLAINING CROWD BEHAVIOR 1. Contagion theory – crowd have a hypnotic influence on their member. Shielded by the anonymity found in a large number, people forget about personal responsibility and give in the contagious emotions of the crowd (Gustave Le Bon, 1841-1931). 2. Convergence theory – holds that crowd behavior comes not from the crowd itself but from a particular people who join in. from this point of view, a crowd is a convergence of like- minded individuals. 3. Emergent-norm theory – Ralph Tuner and Lewis Killian 1987. Crowd begin as collectivities containing people with mixed interest and motives. B. DISPERSED COLLECTIVITIES or MASS BEHAVIOR Refer to the collective behavior among people spread over a wide geographical area. Types of Dispersed Collectivities 1. Rumor and gossip Rumor – unconfirmed information that people spread informally, often by words of mouth. o People pass along rumors through face-to-face communication, of course but today include modern technologies – cellphones, mass media, internet that spread rumor faster than before. CHARACTERISTICS OF RUMOR 1. Rumor thrives in a climate of uncertainty 2. Rumor is unstable 3. Rumor is difficult to stop  - The number of people aware of a rumor increases very quickly because each person spreads information to many others. - The mass media and the internet spread local issues and event across the country and around the world. Rumors go eventually, but in general, the only way to control rumor is for a believable source to issue a clear and convincing statement of the facts. Gossip – rumors about people personal affairs (Charles Horton Cooley). o Involves some issues many people cared about (others to put them down and to raise their own) but gossip interest only a small circle of people who know a particular person, that is why rumor spread widely and gossip tends to be localized. 2. Public opinion and propaganda Public opinion – widespread attitudes about controversial issues. Propaganda – information presented for the purpose of shaping public opinion. - It is used to sway people toward our point of view - Ex. Political speeches, commercial advertisements, business forums. 3. Fashion and fads 4. Panic and mass hysteria Panic – a form of collective behavior in which people in one place react to a treat or other stimulus with irrational behavior and often self-destructive behavior. Ex. In a crowd, someone shout fire. Mass hysteria or moral panic – a form of dispersed collective behavior in which people react to a real or imagined event with irrational and even frantic fear. 5. Disaster – an event generally unexpected that causes extensive harm to people and damage property. Types of Disaster 1. Natural disaster – also called natural calamity Ex. Flood, typhoon, earthquake, drought 2. Technological disaster – failure to control technology. Ex. Nuclear bomb, oil spill, collision of trains 3. Intentional disaster – one or more organized groups deliberately harm others. Ex. War, terrorist attack, genocide 6. Social movements – an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change. THEORY OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 1. Deprivation theory - Holds that social movements seeking changes arise among people who feel deprived. - People who feel they lack enough income, safe working conditions, basic political rights or plain human dignity may organize a social movement to bring about a more just states of affairs (Morison,1978; J.D. Rose,1982). ©Relative deprivation – is a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison. 2. Mass-society theory – (William Kornhauser) - Argues that socially isolated people seek out social movements as a way to gain a sense of belonging and importance. - Points out the personal as well as political consequences of social movements that offer a sense of community to people otherwise a drift in society (Melucci, 1989). 3. Control theory – social movements depend not only on material resources and the structure of the political power but also to the cultural symbol. - People in a particular situation are likely to mobilize to form a social movement only to the extent that they develop “shared understanding” of the world that legitimate and motivate collective action (Mc Adam, Mc Carthy and Zald 1996:6 also J.E>Williams, 2002). 4. Structural Strain Theory (Robert K. Merton) 1. Structural conduciveness – social movements begin to emerge when people come to think their society has some serious problems. 2. Structural strain – people begin to experience relative deprivation when society fails to meet their expectations. 3. Growth and spread of an explanation – forming a well-organized social movement requires a clear statement of not just the problem but also its causes and its solutions. - If the people confused why they are suffering, they will probably express their satisfaction in an organized way through rioting. 4. Precipitating factors – discontent may exist for a long time before some specific events sparks collective action. 5. Mobilization for action – once a people share a concern about some issues, they are ready to take action to distribute leaflets stage rallies, and build alliance with sympathetic group. 6. Lack of social control – or ineffectiveness of social control - The success of any social movement depends in large part oF the response of political officials, police and military.  TOPIC 8: SOCIAL STATIFICATION Handout SOCIAL STATIFICATION - A system in which people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property and prestige. - It exists in all societies, while some people struggle to the fangs of poverty, other people are trying to figure out what to do with their wealth, while some people are begging for food, other people are buying diamonds for their pets. SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 1. Closed system – also called caste system - a social stratification based on ascription or birth. - A pure caste system is closed because birth alone determines the person’s entire future, allowing little or no social mobility based on individual effort. - Caste system determines the direction of a person’s life. Except farming is often to everyone. - Caste system demands that people marry others of the same ranking which is called endogamy. - Caste guides everyday life by keeping people of the company of “their own kind”. Norms are reinforced by teaching for example, that a “purer” person of a higher caste is “polluted” by contacting someone of lower standing. - Caste system rest on powerful cultural beliefs. Indian culture is built on the Hindu tradition that doing the caste’s life work and accepting an arranged marriage are moral duties. 2. Class system – also called open system - Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement. - People who gain schooling and skills may experience social mobility. - All people may gain political rights and in principle equal standing before the law. - Work is no longer fixed at birth but involves some personal choice. - Freedom in selecting marriage partner COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 1. Social class – two or more broad groups of individuals who are ranked by members of the community into socially superior or inferior … a social grouping in which members possess roughly equivalent culturally –valued attributes (Ogburn and Nimkoff 1971:153). 2. Role – behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. 3. Status – is the rank-order position assigned by a group to a role or to a set of roles. - It is created by the opinion of the others who act as a judge of roles and conduct. - A social position that a person holds. - Is part of our social identity and helps to define our relationship with others. Ascribed status – a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. Achieved status – refers to a social position a person takes on voluntarily later in life. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 1. Karl Marx - means of production (productive property) - Social class was based solely on a person’s position in relation to the means of production – land, water, industry, capital 2. Max Weber -Property – possessions (wealth) -Prestige – ranking of recognition and regards for a person’s position -Power – the capacity to carry out by whatever means a course of action despite the resistance of others. THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 1. Functionalist theory (Talcott Parsons, Davis & W. Moore) - Social classes emerge because an unequal distribution of rewards is essential in complex societies (societies need to reward talented people: give them challenging positions, a chance to accumulate more wealth. - Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of the society. Modern societies have hundreds of occupational positions of varying importance; certain jobs are fairly easy and can be performed by almost anyone. Other jobs such as designing new generation of computers or transplanting human organs – are difficult and demand a scarce talent of people with extensive and expensive training. Therefore, the greater importance of a position, the more rewards a society attach to it. - This strategy promotes productivity and efficiency because rewarding important work with income, prestige, power and leisure encourages people to do these jobs and to work better, longer, and harder  2. Conflict theory – explained that most people have one of the two basic relationships to the means of production – the owner (bourgeoisie) the worker (proletariat) 3. Interactionist theory – micro level of analysis of social stratification is also important because people’s social standing affects their everyday interaction. - People interact primarily with others of about the same social standing. - People with very different social standing commonly keep their distance from one another. - The way we dress, the car we drive (or the bus we drive) and even the food and drink we order at the campus snack bar say something about our budget and personal taste. - Conspicuous consumption – refer to buying and using products because of the “statement” they make about social position. - Stratification in this view is not fix system but is created over and over again through the everyday behavior; people prestige and honor is not measured according to what they buy and what they communicate about themselves through their purchase. Approaches in the Study of Social Stratification 1. Lifestyle approach - Determines the lifestyle of the various classes by considering the following: recreational activities, material possession, organizational affiliation and school attended. 2. Reputational approach - Addresses the following points: people they know in the community and residence type (not reliable in urban communities/gesellschaft communities). 3. Subjective approach - Basically, concerned with ranking oneself 4. Objective approach - Specific categories are provided in ranking people like: income, occupation, educational attainment and etc. 5. Occupational prestige approach - Focus on the occupation as the factor that brings prestige and honor to a person; while that is considered by Americans as the best indicator of social class, (may not true in the Phil. Because there is occupation which are prestigious but low monetary rewards. BASIC CONCEPTS 1. Endogamy – a marriage between people of the same social category. 2. Meritocracy – social stratification based on personal merit. 3. Slavery – an age-old system of social stratification in which some people own other people. 4. Clan system – a social system of stratification in which individuals receive their social standing through belonging to an extended network of relatives. Clan is a great extended family, if the family has a high status, so thus the individual. 5. Status set – all the statuses a person holds at a given time. 6. Role set – a number of roles attached to a single status. 7. Master status – is a status that has a special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life. 8. Social mobility – a change in position within the social hierarchy.  Topic 8: SOCIAL CHANGE Handout SOCIAL CHANGE - The transformation of culture and social institutions over time. - The alteration or modification of social institution and societies over time, it implied three fundamental parts: 1. The amount of change 2. The direction of change 3. The nature of change CULTURAL CHANGE - The alteration of the normative, cognitive or material culture.  Change can be large or small, gradual or rapid, violent or peaceful. THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIAL CHANGE 1. Evolutionary theory - Likened to Darwin’s notion of biological evolution o Social change is most often regarded as progress and when society changes; the assumption is that it is getting better. o Implies that society evolved from simple to complex and advance form. - Herbert Spencer believed that a society grows, the function of its members become more specialized and better coordinated into the bigger system. He compared society as an organism and suggested that there should be a close interrelationship of institutions of any society to function harmoniously as a whole. 2. The conflict theory - It suggests that society’s progress as oppressed groups struggle to improve their lot. - Karl Marx believed that conflict as a stage of development and that the human society is evolving toward a more perfect state in which everyone would be equal and where the capitalist economic system would be overthrown. 3. The cyclical theory (Oswald Spengler 1918) - Believed that decay is inevitable, it suggests that every society is born, matures and decays, and eventually dies (Eshleman, Ross J. 1988) - This theory hinges on the political experiences of the Roman Empire that rose to the crest of power and then gradually collapsed. - Spengler contended that in a certain period of time, the social change may take the form of progress or decay but no society lives forever.  - Sorokin observe that societies go through a series of different stages by emphasizing religious beliefs, scientific beliefs or the pleasure of art and the beauty of nature by shifting from one cycle to another, as it moves first in one direction then to another as society demands. 4. Equilibrium theory - Concept of Homeostasis - Social change occurs as societies become more and more complex. - The increasing complexity demands greater specialization of social structures and societal members. - Parsons likened society to human body that must adjust its functioning to adapt to certain changes. Four Major Characteristics of Social Change 1. Social change happens all the time - Nothing is constant except the death and taxes - Some societies change faster than others Ex. Hunting gathering societies change quietly slow than high-income societies experiences a significant change wit in a single lifetime. 2. Social change is sometimes intentional but often it is unplanned - When people relied on horses for transportation, many people looked ahead to motorized vehicles that would carry them in a single day distances that used to take weeks or months. - But no one could see how much the mobility provided by automobiles would alter everyday life, scattering family members threatening the environment, reshaping cities and suburbs and death through accident. - Technology were intentionally made to make life comfortable, vehicles – many people were displaced for road widening, and many families lost their member because of accident. - Gadgets instead pray before we eat, now first we take picture, and sometimes family will not eat at the same time for some members were busy in their online games - Technological surveillance. - Medicine and health care – dumami ng dumami ang mga tao – need more houses – need to cut more trees, (need more transportation = pollution = global warming - Fast food – instant food – delicious – different type of illnesses – instant death 3. Social change is controversial - New technology increased productivity and swelled profits, however workers feared their skills obsolete and resisted to push toward progress.  Ex. Contraceptives welcomed by other and some rejected. - Same sex marriage welcome by other society but other not. - Oplan tukhang - Mechanical harvester / planting machine 4. Some changes matter more than other - Some changes such as clothing have only passing significance, others like computer may change the world – providing new kinds of job while eliminating old ones, isolating people in offices while linking people together in global electronics network, offering a vast of information while threatening personal privacy. - Electricity, refrigerator, computers CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE 1. Culture 3 important sources of cultural change 1. Invention – produces new objects, ideas and social pattern. 2. Discovery – occurs when people take note of the existing elements of the world. Ex. Medical advances offer a growing understanding of human body, medical discoveries has direct effect on human health that stretch life expectancy. 3. Diffusion – creates changes as products, people and information spread from one society to another Ex. Clothing was developing in Asia; clock was invented in Europe. 2. Conflict - Inequality and conflict in a society also produce change as Karl Marx saw social conflict as the engine that drives societies from one era to another. The struggle of the capitalist and the workers pushes society toward a socialist system of production. 3. Ideas - Max Weber traced the roots of most social change to ideas. The protestant leads to the spread of industrial capitalism. Protestant Reformist a Christian Religious movement founded by John Calvin who teach his most important idea was “predestination” – the belief that all-knowing and all-powerful God had predestined some people for salvation and some for damnation. Believing that everyone’s fate was set before birth. 4. Demography – population pattern also plays an important part in social change. Ex. Many women were having fewer children, and more people are living alone.  Migration within and among societies – is another demographic factor that promotes change.  - The movement of people into and out of a specified territory.  Immigration – movement into a territory.  Emigration – movement out of a territory. MODERNITY – is the central concept in the study of social change. - Social pattern resulting from industrialization - Refers to the present in relation to the past. - Ex cars MODERNIZATION – is the process of social change begun by industrialization INDUSTRIALIZATION – present of industry INDUSTRY – the process by making products by using machineries and factories.  Topic 11 Social Institution: FAMILY Basic concepts 1. Family – a group of people who are united by ties of marriage, ancestry or adoption and who are recognized by the community as constitution a single household and as having responsibility of rearing children. - A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children. 2. Kinship – a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption. 3. Marriage – a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing. 4. Descent – system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations. Characteristics of family 1. As a social group is universal and significant element in social life. The family exists because there is no other social unit which can fulfil its function in and for the society. 2. The first agent of socialization 3. Contact and relationship are repetitive and continuous. 4. A very close and intimate group. 5. The source of the individual ideal’s aspirations and basic motivation in the life. Functions of family 1. Sexual regulation - the family regulates the sexual behavior of the people in the society, thus sexual intercourse is sanctioned by society through marriage. 2. Biological reproduction Family as institution should reproduce new members in order that the society survives. 3. Organizing consumption and production – family should provide the basic needs of their children. 4. Socializing children – aside from producing children, family also ensure that their children know their function in the society. 5. Providing emotional intimacy and support – giving individuals a sense of security, belongingness and personal worth. 6. Providing mechanism for social control – the family should continually exert pressure on its members to make them conform to what is considered as desirable behavior. 7. Family also serves as the first and foremost school where every child learns the basic lesson in life. Classification of the family 1. According to organization, structure and membership a. Nuclear family – also called as conjugal family - composed of the parents and the children b. Extended family – also called as consanguine family - a family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin 2. According to the place of residence a. Patrilocal family /patrilocality (Greek for “place of the father”) – a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband’s family. b. Matrilocal family / matriocality (Greek for “place of the mother”) - a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife’s family. c. Bilocal – the married couple are given the chance to select where to reside, whether to the bride’s or groom’s parents. d. Neolocal /neolocality (from Greek, meaning “new place”) – a residential pattern in which the married coupe lives apart from both sets of parents. e. Avanlocal – the new married couple are given a chance to live near of the maternal uncle. 3. According to terms of marriage (marriage pattern) a. Endogamy – marriage between people of the same social categories. b. Exogamy – marriage between people of different social categories. c. Monogamy (from the Greek, meaning “one union”) – marriage that unites two partners. d. Polygamy (from Greek, meaning “many union”) – marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses.  Polygyny (from Greek, meaning “many women”) – marriage that unites one man with two or more women.  Polyandry (from the Greek, meaning “many men” or “many husband”)- marriage that unites one woman with two or more men.  Group marriage – a marriage of several men and women at a time.  4. According to authority a. Patriarchal family – one in which authority vested to the father or grandfather or on the oldest men member. b. Matriarchal family – one in which the authority is vested on the mother. c. Equalitarian family – husband and wife exercise more or less equal amount of authority.  d. Matricentric family – in the absence of the father, the mother is the dominant in terms of position and authority. 5. According to descent a. Patrilineal descent – (the more common pattern) – a system tracing kinship through men.  Children are related to others only through their father. b. Matrilineal descent – (less common pattern) – a system tracing kinship through women.  In which mothers pass properties to their daughter.  Topic 13 RELIGION Etymologically, the term is derived from a Latin word religare which means “the bond between the God and human”. Basic concepts 1. RELIGION – religion involves things that surpass the limits of our knowledge (Emile Durkheim). - A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred. 2. RITUAL – formal ceremonial behavior. 3. FAITH – belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence. - The conviction of things not seen (the New Testament Bible). 4. SACRED – set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence. 5. PROFANE – from Latin, meaning “outside the temple”. - included as an ordinary element of everyday life. 6. TOTEM – an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred. 7. CHARISMA – extraordinary quality that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers. 8. BELIEF – religious beliefs attempt to explain the nature and origin of sacred things. They refer to the empirical world, a phenomenon regarded as sacred. 9. RELIGIOSITY – is the importance of religion in a person’s life. 10. AGNOSTIC – person who does not have a definite belief about whether God exist or not. 11. MONOTHEISM – the belief that there is only one God. 12. POLYTHEISM – the belief that there is more than one God. 13. DOGMA / DOCTRINE – beliefs or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted. 14. ATHEIST – the doctrine that there is no deity (god, goddess or God). Major Functions of Religion 1. SOCIAL COHESION – religion unites people through shared symbolism, values, and norms. Religious thought and ritual establish rules of fair play, organizing our social life. 2. SOCIAL CONTROL – every society uses religious ideas to promote conformity. By defining God as a “judge” many religions encourage people to obey cultural norm. 3. PROVIDING MEANING AND PURPOSE – religious belief offers the comforting sense that our brief lives serve some greater purpose. Strengthened by such beliefs, people are less likely to despair in the face of change or even tragedy. Theoretical Perspective of Religion SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION ANALYSIS Peter Berger – claims that placing our small, brief lives within some “cosmic frame of reference” gives us the appearance of “ultimate security and permanence.” SOCIAL – CONFLICT ANALYSIS - Highlight religions support of social inequality. - Religion serves the ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from social inequalities. - Religion also encourages people to accept the social problems in this world while they look hopefully to a “better world to come.” - Religion “is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiments of the heartless world, and the soul of the soulless conditions, it is the opium of the people.” - Religion and social inequality are also linked to gender; all the world’s major religions are patriarchal. - Matthe 19:24, Mark 10:25, Luke 18:25 – it is easier for a camel to go through a needle eye, than a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. - For the married only God can set them apart - We don’t question if the proceed is for the church. Money, tithes and other materials - Matt. 5:1-11 - Kung ang imong mata makapahimo nimong makasasala MAX WEBER: PROTESTANTISM AND CAPITALISM John Calvin (1509 – 1564) – he was a leader of the PROTESTANT REFORMATION who preached the doctrine of predestination. - According to him that an all-powerful and all-knowing God had selected some people for salvation but condemned most to eternal damnation. - Individual’s fate sealed before birth and known only to God, either eternal glory or endless hellfire. - Calvinist understandably looked-for signs for God’s favors in this world and came to see prosperity as a sign of Devine blessings. Poor as a mark of God’s rejection. - Calvinist believed that they best fulfilled their “calling” by reinvesting profits and achieving and ever- greater success in the process. They lived thrifty lives and adopted technological advances w/c laid the groundwork for the rise of industrial capitalism. Types of Religious Organization 1. CHURCH – a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society. Churches have well-established rules and regulations and expect leaders to be formally trained and ordained. a. State church – is a church formally allied with the state. Example: Roman Catholicism – was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Confucianism – was the official religion of China until early in the twentieth century. Anglican Church - is the official religion of England today. Islam – is the official religion of Pakistan and Iran.  State churches count everyone in the society as a member, which sharply limits tolerance of religious differences. b. Denomination – is a church independent of the state that recognizes religious pluralism. Exampled, Catholics, Baptist, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Judaism, and Islam. 2. SECT – a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society. Members have rigid convictions and deny the beliefs of others. And a sect member forms an exclusive group. Leaders in sect like organization, which celebrate the personal presence of God, expect their leaders to exhibit divine inspiration in the form of charisma. 3. CULT (as neutral term New religious movements) – is a religious organization that is largely outside the society’s cultural norm forms around a highly charismatic leader who offer a compelling message about a new and very different way of life. World Religion 1. CHRISTIANITY – began as a cult drawing element from Judaism a much older religion. - Like any other cult, Christianity was built on the personal charisma of a leader, Jesus of Nazareth who preached a message of personal salvation. - Is an example of monotheism, yet views the Supreme Being as a sacred trinity: God the creator, Jesus Christ, the son of God and redeemer and the Holy Spirit? - About 2 billion followers 2. ISLAM – is the word of God as revealed to Muhammad, who was born in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia about the year 570. - Muhammad is a prophet not a divine being as Jesus is to Christian. - The text of the Qur’an (Koran) which is sacred to Muslims is the word of Allah (Arabic of God) as transmitted to Muhammad, Allah’s messenger. - Islam – means both “submission” and “peace” and the Qur’an urges submission to Allah as the path to inner peace  - Muslims express their personal devotion in a ritual of prayers five times each day. - Like Christianity, holds people accountable to God for their deeds on Earth - About 1.3 billion followers. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 1. Recognizing Allah as the one, true God and Muhammad as God’s messenger. Profession of Faith (shahada) 2. Ritual prayer (salat) - the adult has to implore the Almighty five times a day facing Mecca before daybreak, at noontime, in mid-afternoon, at sunset and any time after sunset before sleeping. 3. Giving alms to the poor (zakat) - which is the obligatory giving of one fortieth of one’s income to the needy or religious cause to purify one’s wealth and attain salvation. 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm) - which is done during the lunar month of Ramadan (ninth month of the Muslim calendar). Prophet Muhammad Sallalahu Alaihi Wassalam. Muslim must refrain from eating, drinking and sexual intercourse from daybreak to sunset. 5. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) – mandatory at least once in one’s life to the Sacred House of Allah in Mecca (Weeks 1988; El Attar, 1991) - Haji – a title given to a Muslim who performed this pilgrimage.  Eid ul-Fitr or the Festival of Breaking the Fast – after the sighting of the crescent moon at the end of the Ramadan.  Jihad – means “to struggle”, and was considered as the sixth pillar of Islam by some Muslims. - Refers to living virtuous life, helping other Muslims, and preaching Islam. - Holy war which focuses on the militant interpretation of jihad. 3. JUDAISM – has deep historical roots that extend 4,000 years before the birth of Christ to the ancient societies of Mesopotamia, at this time Jews were animistic but this belief changes after Jacob – grandson of Abraham, the earliest ancestor led his people to Egypt. - Moses – the adopted son of an Egyptian princess was called by God to lead the Jews from the bondage. This exodus (Latin roots w/c means “marching out”) from Egypt is remembered by Jews today in the annual ritual of Passover. After their liberation Jews became monotheistic recognizing a single, all-powerful God. - The distinctive concept of Judaism is the covenant, a special relationship with God by w/c the Jews became God’s “chosen People”. - The covenant implies a duty to observe God’s law, especially the Ten Commandments as revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai.  - For the Jews the Old Testament of the Bible as both a record of their history and a statement of the obligation of the Jewish life. - Torah – Bible first five books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), a word meaning “teaching” and “law”. - About 15 million followers worldwide. 4. HINDUISM – is the oldest of all world religions originating in the Indus River valley about 4,500 years ago. - It differs from most religion because it is not linked to the life of any single person. - Envisions God as a universal moral force rather than a specific entity, and for this reason Hinduism sometimes called “ethical religion”. - Hindus believe that they have moral responsibilities called Dharma. Example calls people to observe the traditional caste system (in India). - Karma – is another Hindu’s principle w/c involves a belief in the spiritual progress of the human soul, for them each action has spiritual consequences and proper living results in moral development. - Karma works through reincarnation, a cycle of death and rebirth by which a person is born into a spiritual state corresponding to the moral quality of a previous life. - Moksha – the state of moral perfection and the soul has no need to be reborn. - Hinduism is monotheistic for it views that the universe as a single moral system, yet Hindus see this moral force at work in every element of nature. 5. BUDDHISM – are majority religion of the population in Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, and widespread in India and the people of Republic of China. - It recognizes no God of judgement but sees each daily action as having spiritual consequences and believes in reincarnation. - Siddhartha Gautama – was born to a high-caste family in Nepal in 563 B.C.E. being a deeply spiritual young man, at the age of 29, he experienced personal transformation w/c led him to years of travel and meditation. - Bodhi – enlightenment means gaining an understanding of the essence of life, Gautama became Buddha it was after the end of his travel and meditation. - Dharma – Buddha’s Teachings that much of life in this world involves suffering and the solution to suffering is not worldly wealth and power but spiritual development. Meditation can move beyond selfish concerns and material desires. - Nirvana – a state of enlightenment and peace. It is the goal of meditation – by quieting the mind can people connect with the power of the universe. 6. CONFUCIANISM – is the official religion of China. - Confucius – whose Chinese name was K’ung Fu-tzu, lived between 551 and 479 B.C.E.  - Deeply moved by peoples’ suffering, instructing his followers to engage the world according to a code of moral conduct. - Jen – meaning humaneness, in practice this means that we must always place moral principle above our self-interest, looking to tradition for guidance in how to live. - In family – Confucius teach each of us must be loyal and considerate – families must remember their duties toward the larger community. - Of all religions, Confucianism stands out as lacking a clear sense of the sacred but for Durkheim Confucianism is the celebration of the sacred character of society itself. - Shares with religions a body of beliefs and practices through which its followers seek moral goodness and social harmony (Schmidt, 190; McGuire,1987; Ellwood, 2000).  Topic 13 RURAL COMMUNITY A term RURAL – is applied to any barrio or sitio where people earn their livelihood through agriculture, fishing, and household industries. GEMEINSCHAFT – a small traditional community characterized by close, intimate, overlapping, and stable relationship (primary group). POBLACION – it the major town of the municipality COMMUNITY – a social organization that is territorially localized and through w/c its member satisfies most their daily needs and deal w/ most of their common problem (Olsen,1968:91) - A group of people in an area or territory with a sense of interrelatedness or social interaction and sharing common ties or bond (Martindale, 1984:11). - A social group w/ some degree of “we feeling” living in a given area. Important characteristics of Rural Philippine Barrio (Generoso Rivera) 1. Usually have small population and a wider geographical area than in urban community. 2. Population density is low 3. Relationship are personal and intimate 4. There are smaller neighborhood units known as sitio and purok or barangay w/c represent cohesive units within the barrio. 5. With a population of not more than one thousand based on the census of the Philippines. Regardless of classification as barrio or municipality, a community may be sociologically considered rural as follows: 1. Developed patterns of intimacy and mutual helpfulness ex. Bayanihan 2. The population is small enough to promote primary group interaction 3. The economy is characterized by such occupation as agriculture, fishing and forestry. NEIGHBORLINESS – every individual is close to his neighbor, his contact is intimate, personal and meaningful. ANIMISTIC BELIEF – the belief that all objects are endowed with dwelling souls. Its essence is a belief that all of life is a part of the divine order, in the same sense in which people are part of the order. THE FIESTA – is an annual celebration in honor of the patron Saint. - Promotes interpersonal communication beyond the community boundary - It is the time when friends, relatives from other places return to barrio, renew the old ties, and bring in the news and gossip from the outside world Rural Formal Organization Community Rural Family Rural health  Extremely high incidence of diseases is high like tuberculosis, beriberi, malaria and skin diseases.  Lack of sanitation and hygienic practices, aggravated by the inadequate water supply for home use.  Inadequacy of facilities to meet the needs of the rural population. Nowadays, there are many barangay that don’t have doctor, dentist or nurse. This condition is due to may causes; 1. Inadequate income from medical practice in the barrio where the patients often do not pay in cash but in kind or sometimes not at all. 2. Lack of medical and laboratory facilities 3. Attitudes of rural folks who place much faith in quack doctors and superstitious beliefs regarding health treatment and practice. Traditional Medical Personnel 1. Hilot – untrained midwifes who assist at childbirth 2. Herbolario – uses a number of herbs in treating an ailment 3. Manghihilot – massage specialist, supposedly skilled in working with sprains (piang). 4. Baylan – credited as having special capacity to deal with evil spirits. Rural education Rural government Rural religion Settlement Patterns - Settlement patterns show the man-land relationship w/c intervenes b/n the natural environment and social structure related to the social life of the folks. 1. Nucleated type  Poblacion – people are engage in intensive wet rice agriculture.  Large communities with few surrounding “sitios”  Segmented lineal communities – common in wet rice areas or along national roads and rivers.  Plantation camps and relocation center.  Datu-centered pattern – small groupings centered around the mosque. 2. Dispersed type  Residences are some distance apart but they share common communities.  Cluster of sitios where residence are dispersed throughout the field  Scattered sitios, a dispersed settlement where the inhabitants engage in dry upland farming centering around the cultivation of corn and coconut.  URBAN COMMUNITY URBANIZATION – is a way of life involving a large settlement with a very dense population, many members of which are not food producers? ECOLOGY – the systematic relationship between organisms and environment. GESELLSCHAFT – society characterized by rational pursuit of self-interest, impersonal attachment, efficiency and progress (secondary group) CITY – relatively large dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous (Louis Wirht 1971). A geographic area designated a special name, comparing a large aggregation of people engage in non-agriculture pursuit and recognized by its inhabitants and its chartering authority as a city (Maltindale and Iverson 1984;41). Characteristics of a City  High density in population  District street pattern  Non-agricultural occupation  Presence of public and economic establishment Culture in Urban Communities  High density in population  Heterogeneous in nature  Complex social structure with influence to the social behavior and the values of their inhabitants. Characteristics of urban life (Louis Wirht)  Impersonalism or impersonal relationship  Secondary relationship  High degree in culture heterogeneity  Decline of extended family  Extreme division of labor Ecology and urban community  Human arranges his community according to his ecological characteristics, however when he/she was already established in a given area, he/she is bound to modify the physical features according to its demographic economic, political and religious needs.  Urban ecology is concerned not only with urban spatial arrangement but also with the process that create and reinforce these arrangements.  Ecological processes are the direct expression of the constant competition observed among human beings, between services and physical structures for advantageous positions. Ecological Processes are affected by the following: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS – include climate, topography of the land and types of resources in the area. Climate – region particular weather patterns or conditions. Topography – feature in an area of land such as mountains, rivers, lake etc. 2. CULTURAL FACTORS – this affects the moral attitudes of the population that in turn affect their distribution. 3. ECONOMIC FACTORS – this affects the nature and organization of labor, local industries, occupational distribution, and standard of living. 4. POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES AND MEASURES – these govern taxation, laws or migration and the use of utilities. Three basic Ecological Processes 1. AGGREGATION – this is the distribution of inhabitants of a given area into a characteristic demographic structure. - It refers to the population composition of a given area. - Ex. New wed couple or old people do not want to stay in a crowded and noise places. 2. COMPETITION – the basic organizing process binds human beings and inanimate nature in the struggle for existence. - As a result of competitive struggle men distribute themselves functionally over the landscape and organize themselves into groups through communication (Ericksen1954:1731,74). - As the result of the competition, the rich comes to occupy the most expensive land areas. 3. DOMINANCE – this refers to the controlling position of one or more humans or functions among competing or collaborating elements - It generally involves the survival of the fittest depending upon in the economic, social, political, geographical, and technological factors. Six Secondary Ecological Processes 1. CONCENTRATION – refers to the increase of population at certain geographical centers. - Aggregation of people in a large region the can be measured by the density of the population. - It is the by-product of natural increase and migration. - As a result of ecological dominance, people are predisposed to settle in a particular region because of the presence of better transportation facilities and communication. 2. DISPERSION – this is the process which makes the population of a given area move out because of mobility. - The concentration in certain areas lead to the dispersion of other areas. 3. CENTRALIZATION – the tendency of the basic institution is to place themselves at the center of transportation and communication.  4. SEGREGATION – refers to the predisposition of certain units to form into clusters which tend to be homogeneous in economic strength and in terms of like and dislikes. - This process leads peoples geographically and socially separated because of economic, social, religious political and racial factors. Ex. Chinatown 5. INVASION – this is the process by which groups are displaced because of the changed of land use and occupants. - This sis the gradual penetration of the new types of population and institutions of an area that displaces the original occupants and changes land classification. 6. SUCCESSION – when invasion has resulted in the complete change in occupants, land use and structures it is called succession. - Complete transformation of the rural areas to urbanized areas and give way to new modern subdivision and business enterprises. The Theories of Urban Growth/Land Use 1. Concentric Circle Theory B. Multiple Nuclei Theory 3 22222 11 2 1 3 2 7 4 6 3 8 Zone1. Central Business Center – 9 A. Concentric Circle Theory B. Multiple Nuclei Theory Zone1. Downtown or central business zone 1. Central business center – the most crowded area 2. Wholesale light manufacturing Zone2. The zone in transition – residents in 3. Low-class residential this area are generally poor characterized 4. Medium-class residential by moral and physical deterioration 5. High-class residential 6. Heavy manufacturing Zone3. Workers’ home – residents of the 7. Outlaying business center skilled and semi-skilled workers and low 8. Residential suburb 9. Industrial suburb salaried employees who lived near their place of work. Zone4. Residential zone – where the upper and the upper middle class live in a single dwelling units owned by the occupants. Zone5. Commuter’s zone – not part of the city proper and often called as suburban or satellite areas. Residents of the upper class, houses are generally large w/ distinct architectural styles. C. Sector Nuclei Theory – proposed by Homer Hoyt as modification of the commercial circle theory which asserts that geographical factors and man-made factors like transportation routes produce sectors in wedge shapes extending outward from the center of the city. - This theory refutes partly the concentric theory in the sense that the zone in transition is located outside the zone and not completely around it, and the manufacturing and wholesale areas expand from the city center out of the metropolitan area following transportation route (Abrahanson 1976:67). - High rent and high-income portion of the city tend to be the outer fringe of one or more sectors of the society and low rents extends from the center to the periphery. - City growth is affected by the outward movement of the higher rent areas which in turn is determined by the geographical factors and travel routes (Mac, 1973:256-257).