Mechatronics Engineering Lecture Notes PDF

Mechatronics Engineering (OFRME200) LEC. 6 Level 2- Fall Semester By: Walaa Shoeib Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. CHAPTER 3 Modern & medical sensors 2 Smart and wearable sensors used in modern applications...

Mechatronics Engineering (OFRME200) LEC. 6 Level 2- Fall Semester By: Walaa Shoeib Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. CHAPTER 3 Modern & medical sensors 2 Smart and wearable sensors used in modern applications Smart cities (1) Smart parking system: this requires monitoring of parked vehicles and smartly parking the vehicles to reduce traffic congestion (2) Building structural health: this system monitors the physical conditions of the ingredients and volume of vibrations of nearby structures such as buildings, monuments, roads, bridges, etc, to predict the health and strength in structures. 3 Smart and wearable sensors used in modern applications Smart cities (3) Smart traffic management: road congestion monitoring can be implement (4) Smart waste management: to detect full trash containers, trash segregation and to pick up trash from different trash containers, optimized routes can be proposed. (5) Smart street light system: depending on the intensity of the daylight, streetlights can be turned on/off 4 Smart and wearable sensors used in modern applications Smart environment (1) Forest fire detection (2) Air pollution Smart water management system (1) Underground water leakages: (2) Flood monitoring: (3) Smart water meters 5 Smart and wearable sensors used in modern applications Smart agriculture Temperature, humidity, water quality, chemical, proximity, PH of soil, soil moisture, rainfall, sunshine, acoustic and position sensorsSmart water management system Smart homes Smart factories Various forms of wearable devices for various applications like heart monitoring, sweat monitoring, cancer detection, Alzheimer’s and Dementia prediction, wearable artificial kidney. 6 Predicting the progress of Alzheimer’s and dementia diseases Cognitive, behavioral, sensory, and motor changes should be monitored to understand the prognosis of the disease. Wearable devices can help in such monitoring. their combined input data are analyzed to understand the disease parameters. 7  Smart stick for the visually impaired At the initial stage these people used a stick to identify the objects or obstacles in front of them. But with this stick, they are not able to identify distant objects and if any vehicle is coming towards him/her then it is very dangerous. So a smart stick was proposed, which helps in identifying obstacles in front of the user and also those some distance away. Many developments have been made to this smart stick in order to fulfill the requirements of visually impaired people. 8  Smart stick for the visually impaired This stick includes many sensors like ultrasonic sensor, LDR densor, water sensor and GPS module. When any obstacle is detected in front of the user then the sensors will send an alert message to the user in the form of a beep sound or vibration. It has one more advantage: that it detects ups and downs like staircases, slopes on the road, and water depths etc. One main advanced feature is that the user can find the location of the stick by pressing the button of the GPS module. 9 Sensor technologies combined with AI helping in smart transport systems 10 Sensor technologies combined with AI helping in smart transport systems GPS sensors; LiDAR sensors; video cameras; radar sensors; ultrasonic sensors. Electronic Measurements- By/ Walaa Shoeib 11 GPS sensor is an important system employing a number of sensors, and it works as a space-based satellite navigation system. LiDAR Modern digital cameras and ordinary sensors fail to sense all real-time data in all circumstances and environment conditions. LiDAR (light detection and ranging) helps driverless cars by providing location assistance with the help of light signal received from the object. 12 GPS sensor is an important system employing a number of sensors, and it works as a space-based satellite navigation system. LiDAR The objects may be animals, human beings, plants or any living and non-living objects, which can be easily detected by LiDAR since the light properties are different in all the varying types of objects being detected. LiDAR technology is developed in such a manner than it can accept objects from all directions covering all 360 degrees as a rotating LiDAR on the roof of the car and for detecting all surrounding objects. 13 Cameras a number of cameras are used in driverless cars, having good vision capability to capture real-time data while the car is moving. Based on the data Radar sensors stands for radio detection and ranging and uses the principle of detection of radio waves and assists cars in ranging and locating objects. The radar sensors contribute in driverless cars in significant ways since the automation is attributed by the radar controlled functions. Ultrasonic sensors are used for parking applications mainly. The time taken is recorded and ultrasonic frequency helps in estimation of distance of the target. 14 To Chapter 4 15 Mechatronics Engineering (OFRME200) LEC. 10 Level 2- Fall Semester By: Walaa Shoeib Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. CHAPTER 5 Microcontroller Structure 2 Registers Instruction register (IR): stores an instruction after fetching an instruction from the memory, the CPU stores it in the instruction register. It can then be decoded and used to execute an operation 3 Registers Program counter (PC): It is a special register that keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed in a program. 4 Memory The memory unit stores binary data. The data may be program instruction codes or number being operated on. The size of the memory is determined by the number of wires in the address bus. 5 Memory The memory element is a unit consist essentially of large number of storage cells with each cell capable of storing either a 0 or a 1 bit. The storage cells are grouped in locations with each location capable of storing one word. To access the stored word, each location is identified by a unique address. 6 Types of memory ❑ROM ❑ PROM ❑ EPROM ❑ EEPROM ❑ RAM 7 Read-only memory ROM For data that is stored permanently a memory device called a read-only memory(ROM) ROMs are programmed with the required contents during manufacture of the integrated circuit. Data can not be written into this memory The data can only be read. 8 The erasable and programmable ROM (EPROM) EPROM is used for ROMs that can be programmed and their contents altered. The pattern remains permanently in the chip until erased by shining ultraviolet light through a quartz window on the top of the device. 9 Electrically enable PROM (EEPROM) is similar to EPROM. Erasure is by applying a relatively high voltage rather than using ultraviolet light. 10 Random-access memory(RAM) Temporary data data currently being operated on, is stored in a read/write memory referred to as a random-access memory (RAM). 11 12 Open loop control system is a control system whose output is governed only by the input, without any feedback loop. In this system, the control effect is determined without using information about the value of the controlled variable. The control device instructs the action of the actuator, thereby changing the state of the controlled object. These changes are not fed back into the control device to affect further actions, which means that there is no feedback loop between the control signal and the controlled quantity. Advantage : Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness Disadvantage: Inability to adjust actual output: 13 closed loop control system also known as a feedback control system, is an automatic control system that includes a signal forward path and a feedback path to form a closed loop. For example, a speed detector, a position detector These components work together to detect the actual displacement and compare it with the command value, using a differential control system. This setting ensures high positioning accuracy but also makes the system complex, expensive, and difficult to debug and maintain. 14 15 Component of mechatronics system END 17