Cellular Respiration Practice Questions PDF

CELLULAR RESPIRATION MULTIPLE CHOICE​. Circle ALL that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer. _______________________ Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose. A. Alcoholic fermentation B. Lac...

CELLULAR RESPIRATION MULTIPLE CHOICE​. Circle ALL that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer. _______________________ Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose. A. Alcoholic fermentation B. Lactic acid fermentation C. Glycolysis D. Electron transport chain The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during GLYCOLYSIS are ________. NADH A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH​2 D. NADPH If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by _____________________ fermentation A. Krebs cycle B. electron transport chain C. fermentation Name the 3 carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis. A. pyruvic acid B. lactic acid C. Acetyl-CoA D. citric acid Since fermentation does not require oxygen it is said to be __________________. anaerobic A. aerobic B. anaerobic Which high energy electron carrier is regenerated during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis? A. NAD​+ NAD+ B. NADPH C. ATP D. ADP How many ATP molecules are added to get glycolysis started? _________ 2 Since glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules, this results in a NET GAIN of _____ 2 ATP’s 1 MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE) D ______ MATRIX B ______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE E ______ CYTOPLASM ______ A OUTER MEMBRANE C ______ INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE) E ______ Place GLYCOLYSIS happens * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Write the complete overall chemical equation for cellular respiration using chemical symbols instead of words: 6O2 ____________ + _______________ C6H12O6 6H20 ​→ ________________​ 6CO2 +​_________________​ energy(36-38 ATP) +​________________ Compare this reaction to the one you learned about last chapter for PHOTOSYNTHSIS (6 H​2​O + 6 CO​2​ + light energy ​→​ C​6​H​12​O​6​ + 6 O​2​) How are these equations related? Cellular respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as reatants and produce all the reactants of _____________________________________________________________________ photosynthesis plus energy. Write in words the equations for the two kind of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation _________________+_______________​ C6H12O6 2C2H5OH →_________________+_________________ 2ATP +______________ 2CO2 Lactic acid fermentation C6H12O6 ___________________+_________________​ C3H6O3 2ATP →___________________+_________________ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Tell the kind of fermentation used in each example​: Alcoholic Yeast use this to make bread dough rise ________________________ Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low ________________ Lactic acid Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine _____________________ Alcoholic Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream ___________________ Lactic Acid If alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread dough rise, how come you don’t become intoxicated when you eat the bread? The alcohol cooks off when the bread is baked. 2  The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the answer or answers that best complete the statement or answer the question. (THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE RIGHT ANSWER.) Which of the following shows the correct sequence during cellular respiration? D A. Electron transport chain ​→​ glycolysis ​→​ Krebs cycle B. Glycolysis ​→​ Electron transport chain ​→​ Krebs cycle C. Krebs cycle ​→​ Electron transport chain ​→​ glycolysis D. Glycolysis ​→​ Krebs cycle ​→​ Electron transport chain Where do the carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up following the Krebs cycle? B A. They enter the electron transport chain and make ATP B. They become part of a carbon dioxide molecule and end up in the atmosphere C. They join with citric acid to make Acetyl-CoA D. They build up in the intermembrane space Aerobic Because cellular respiration requires oxygen it is said to be _________________ A. aerobic B. anaerobic How many total ATP molecules are produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration ? 2 6 24 36 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PRODUCED DURING THE KREBS CYCLE? A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH​2 ALL OF THEM D. CO​2 What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron transport chain? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide A C. glucose D. NADH The movement of which ion across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix causes ATP synthase to spin and make ATP A. Na​+​ ions B. oxygen C. H​+​ ions C D. water 3 Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C C. Electron transport D. Acetyl-CoA charging Which of the following happens as electrons pass down the Electron Transport chain? A A. Energy from the moving electrons transports H​+​ ions into the intermembrane space B. Carbon dioxide is released C. Energy from H​+​ ions crossing back into the matrix causes ATP synthase to make ATP. D. Water is produced Name the ? molecule that joins in this reaction to make Acetyl-CoA. C A. ATP B. NADP​+ C. Coenzyme A D. citric acid If oxygen is present, what will happen to the NADH produced in this reaction? A A. Its electrons will enter the Electron transport chain B. It will donate its H​+​ ions to make glucose C. It will join with ATP to make citric acid D. It will join with oxygen to make CO​2 Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins its 2 carbons to a 4 carbon molecule during the Krebs cycle. D A. ATP B. pyruvic acid C. glucose D. citric acid 4 5 MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE or NOT AT ALL) ______ E Place where glycolysis happens ______ C Place where enzymes for the Electron Transport Chain are located ______ B Place that fills with H​+​ ions as electrons move down the Electron transport chain ______ D Place where ADP and P join to make ATP ______ D Place where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor to make water * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Explain why FADH​2​ produces fewer ATP molecules than NADH when it passes its electrons down the Electron transport chain. This is because there are less FADH2 molecules produced during cellular respiration. Also, it carries its electrons to the last 2 proton pumps in the ETC rather than all of them. Explain where the enzymes for Electron Transport are located in bacteria (prokaryotes) if they don’t have internal membranes. In the cell membrane because they have no membrane bound organelles. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * CELLULAR RESPIRATION VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Citric __ __ Acid __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle. 2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the process of splitting a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic Glycolysis acid molecules. 3. The molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy is __ __ __. ATP 6 4. Glycolysis happens outside the mitochondria in the __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ of the cell. Cytoplasm 5. __ __ __Respiration Cellular __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ happens when oxygen is present and includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport. 6. This describes a process that requires oxygen = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ aerobic 7. This high energy electron carrier produces fewer ATP’s than NADH as its electrons pass through the Electron Transport Chain because it enters farther down the chain a. =__ __ __ __ __ FADH2 8. This atmospheric gas is required for aerobic respiration = __ O2__ __ __ __ __. 9. This describes a process that does NOT require oxygen; it means “without air” a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Anaerobic 10. Type of fermentation used by human muscles in low oxygen conditions and microorganisms to Lactic make yogurt, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi. = __ __ __Acid__ __ __ __ __ __ __ 11. As electrons pass down the electron transport chain, H​+​ ions build up in the a. __intermembrane __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ space. 12. The __ __ __ __ __ cycle breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and produces NADH, krebs FADH​2​, and ATP. 13. The NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle pass their electrons down the 14. __ __ __ Transport Electron __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ chain to produce ATP. ATP 15. The passage of H​+​ ions through __ __Synthase __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ causes it to spin and produce ATP. 16. This 3 carbon molecule is produced during glycolysis when glucose splits in half Pyruvic a. = __ __ __Acid __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 17. Cell organelle which acts as the cell’s power plant to burn glucose and store energy as ATP a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Mitochondria 18. If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. fermentation 19. Type of fermentation used to make bread dough rise and produce beer and wine. a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ alcoholic 20. This molecule has the formula C​6​H​12​O​6​ and is split in half during glycolysis = __ __ __ __ __ __ glucose __ CO2 21. The carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up as __ __ __ in the atmosphere following the Krebs cycle. 22. 9. The folded inner membranes inside a mitochondrion are called __ __ __ __ __ __ __. cristae 7  23. This molecule reacts with pyruvic acid to release C0​2​, produce NADH, and acetyl-CoA. a. = __ __ __ __A__ __ __ __ __ Co-Enzyme Acetyl-CoA 24. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ forms when Coenzyme A attaches to two carbons from pyruvic acid. 25. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the storage form of glucose used by animal cells which can be glycogen broken down for energy when glucose is used up. 26. The area inside the cristae where the Krebs cycle happens is the __ __ __ __ __ __. matrix LABEL &/OR EXPLAIN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS: Intermembrane Space Cristae Cytoplasm Matrix Outermembrane ETC Krebs Cycle Glycolysis 8  Glycolysis Cytoplasm Glucose Anaerobic 2 Krebs Cycle Anaerobic CO2 FADH2 and NADH ETC Inner membrane O2 ATP and H2O 32-34 9 Name ________________________________________ Date ______________ Period ____________ Overview of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. 1. What is function of cellular respiration? The function of cellular respiration is to convert sugar into ATP using oxygen, creating energy for the cell. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Does glucose actually react with oxygen during cellular respiration? Explain No, because it is broken down into pyruvate before it can react. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. 3. In what two ways does cellular respiration seem to be the opposite of photosynthesis? Instead of using ATP it creates it, instead of using CO2 it creates it, instead of using water it creates it, __________________________________________________________________________________ instead of creating oxygen and glucose, it uses them as reactants. __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of cellular respiration. Explain what the equation means. Identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the several arrows. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 -> 36-38 ATP + 6H2O + 6O2 This means that the reactants of the equation __________________________________________________________________________________ are glucose and carbon dioxide, while the products are ATP, water, and oxygen __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means “sweet.” The suffix -lysis comes from a Greek word that means “to loosen.” How are the meanings of these word parts related to the meaning of glycolysis? The meanings of these word parts are related because glycolysis is to break down glucose and glycolysis __________________________________________________________________________________ means to break down sweet(glucose). __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What does it mean to say that glycolysis is an anaerobic process? It requires no oxygen. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glycolysis, to form NAD+. The molecules of NAD+ are recycled to glycolysis, which can continue to produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Energy from the NADH molecules is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis to pick up more electrons. This type of fermentation occurs in many types of cells, including human muscle cells. Alcoholic fermentation: Like lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter fermentation. Energy from NADH is used to break down pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis. Alcoholic fermentation is used by many types of yeast. Both types of fermentation are used in various commercial processes. Lactic acid fermentation is used to make yogurt. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make dough rise. __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. What is the function of fermentation? For the cell to produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. When does fermentation take place in your muscle cells? When your body can't take enough oxygen in your muscle cells use fermentation. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How is fermentation involved in the production of ATP? Fermentation creates a net worth of 2 ATP when there is no oxygen available for cellular respiration. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? different? They both create 2 ATP for the body when there is no oxygen. However, they are different because __________________________________________________________________________________ lactic acid fermentation only creates ATP and lactate, while alcoholic fermentation creates ethanol, __________________________________________________________________________________ CO2, and energy. __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Name a commercial use of fermentation. Creation of cullinary products such as bread. __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The term fermentation is based on a word that means “to bubble”. How is this meaning related to your understanding of the fermentation process? It is because in alcoholic fermentation process CO2 is released as a byproduct in the process, which is a gas, __________________________________________________________________________________ similar to bubbling. __________________________________________________________________________________ Name Date Period Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis/Practice! True or False: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false. ______ T 1. All organisms on earth will die without a constant supply of oxygen. ______ T 2. Energy released during the breakdown of cells is used to synthesize ATP. T ______ 3. The energy released from the breakdown of glucose can be used to recharge ATP. ______ T 4. When you exhale, carbon dioxide is a released. ______ F 5. When glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, a product is light energy. F ______ 6. In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrion. ______ F 7. All ATP synthesis in a eukaryotic cell happens in the mitochondria. F ______ 8. Carbon dioxide is a product of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. F ______ 9. An electron transport chain is the first step/stage in cellular respiration. ______ F 10. You are considered a heterotroph because you make your own food. ______ F 11. Only fats are used as the energy source for glycolysis. ______ F 12. Glucose gets anabolically made during glycolysis. ______ F 13. One of the final products of glycolysis is a five-carbon compound. Multiple choice; Circle the letter of the correct choice. 1. Cows need to breathe because B A. they need carbon dioxide from the air for cellular respiration. B. they need oxygen from the air for cellular respiration. C. they need to expel methane, a waste product of cellular respiration, from their lungs. D. they need to expel nitrogen gas, a waste product of cellular respiration, from their lungs. 2. In mammals, oxygen gas diffuses from the air into the bloodstream via the D A. cells lining the nose. C. liver. B. kidney. D. lungs. 3. In the chemical reaction of glycolysis, the reactants include; A A. Glucose, NAD, ATP. B. Glucose, NADH C. light energy and heat. D. Hydrogen, water, heat 4. Organisms that are producers (such as plants) B A. Are only heterotrophs B. Are only autotrophs C. Are capable of both auto and heterotrophy processes D. None of these. 5. A typical eukaryotic cell that would have the greatest amount of mitochondria would be. B A. liver C. fat B. muscle D. skin 6. The reaction is the overall reaction of C A. alcoholic fermentation. C. glycolysis. B. wood burning. D. the citric acid cycle. Critical Reading: Read this passage from the lesson and answer the questions that follow. You know that humans deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes will quickly become unconscious and die. Breathing, also known as respiration, is essential for human life, because the body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does food. The mammalian respiratory system, shown in Figure 1 features a diaphragm, trachea, and a thin membrane whose surface area is equivalent to the size of a handball court - all for efficient oxygen intake. Other forms of life employ different types of respiratory organs: fish and aquatic amphibians and insects flaunt gills, spiders and scorpions develop “book lungs,” and terrestrial insects use an elaborate network of tubes called tracheae, which open via Fig 1 spiracles, as shown in Figure 2 and 3. A constant supply of oxygen gas is clearly important to life. However, do you know why you need oxygen? The human respiratory system is only part of the story of respiration. Diaphragm, lungs, and trachea take air deep into the body and provide oxygen gas to the bloodstream. The fate of that oxygen is the story of cellular respiration. Spiracles in this Indian Luna Moth (Actias selene) caterpillar connect to a system of internal tubes (tracheae) which carry oxygen throughout the animal's body. Fig 2 Gills in this alpine newt larva, Triturus alpestris, bring blood close to an extensive surface area so that the newt can absorb dissolved oxygen gas from its watery habitat. Questions: 1. Why do you need to breathe continually, even when you sleep? This is because oxygen is an important part of human life and oxygen cannot be stored Fig 3 like food over time. 2. Why do you think humans cannot store oxygen? Because oxygen is immediately used in cellular respiration 3. Why is the surface area of a mammalian respiratory system so large? For efficient oxygen intake 4. How do fish absorb oxygen? Using gills 5. Explain why oxygen is essential to life? Oxygen is essential to life as it is required for cellular respiration and turning food into energy. Into the Mitochondrion: Making ATP with Oxygen True or False: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false. ______ F 1. Oxygen is the most abundant component of the earth’s atmosphere. ______ T 2. Aerobic respiration evolved before oxygenic photosynthesis. ______ F 3. In eukaryotic cells, if oxygen is present, then pyruvate is fermented to ethanol. ______ F 4. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. ______ T 5. CO2 is produced during the Citric Acid Cycle. ______ F 6. NADH is formed to help maintain homeostasis. ______ T 7. The inner mitochondrial membrane increases the surface area of the membrane. ______ T 8. NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria. ______ T 9. Without carriers the pH around the cristae would be higher than the pH of the cytoplasm. Critical Reading Read this passage from the lesson and answer the questions that follow. The Electron Transport Chain: ATP for Life in the Fast Lane At the end of the Krebs Cycle, energy from the chemical bonds of glucose is stored in diverse energy carrier molecules: four ATP, but also two FADH2 and ten NADH. The primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain (ETC), is to transfer energy from these carriers to ATP, the “batteries” which power work within the cell. Pathways for making ATP in stage 3 of aerobic respiration closely resemble the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis. In both ETCs, energy carrier molecules are arranged in sequence within a membrane so that energy-carrying electrons cascade from one to another, losing a little energy in each step. In both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the energy lost is harnessed to pump hydrogen ions into a compartment, creating an electrochemical gradient across the enclosing membrane. And in both processes, the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is used to build ATP. For aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain or “respiratory chain” is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (Figure 6). FADH2 and NADH (produced in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle) donate high-energy electrons to energy carrier molecules within the membrane. As they pass from one carrier to another, the energy they lose is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. Hydrogen ions flow “down” the gradient – from outer to inner compartment – through an ion channel/enzyme, ATP synthase, which transfers their energy to ATP. Note the paradox that it requires energy to create and maintain a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, which are then used by ATP synthase to create stored energy (ATP). In broad terms, it takes energy to make energy. Coupling the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis with a hydrogen ion gradient is chemiosmosis, first described by Nobel laureate Peter D. Mitchell. Questions 1. Why are NADH and FADH2 described as energy-carrying molecules? Because they carry high energy electrons. 2. What is the purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria? To generate the remaining amount of ATP 3. The electron transport chains of cellular respiration and photosynthesis share what characteristics? They carry electrons, and have H+ carried through the ATP synthase to make ATP. 4. Where are H+ pumped in mitochondria? In the ETC 5. Why do you think Peter Mitchell’s discovery of chemiosmosis won a Nobel prize? I believe this because it is related in Multiple Choice Circle the letter of the best choice. photosynthesis and cellular 1. In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is released respiration. A. during the first half of glycolysis. C. during the ETC. B. during the Citric Acid Cycle. D. none of the above 2. One of the products of glycolysis is A. GTP. C. starch. B. glycogen. D. none of the above 3. The net yield of ATP from the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose is… A. 2. C. 4. B. 0. D. 38. 4. The function of oxygen in the ETC is A. to accept electrons that have passed through the ETC of the mitochondria. B. to combine with carbon dioxide and be excreted. C. to donate electrons to the ETC. D. all of the above  Cellular Respiration Begins With a molecule of WORD BANK 1 ATP per pyruvate 2 ATP Glucose ~30 ATP 0 ATP Electron transport chain Which Cytoplasm Mitochondrion is Cytoplasm broken Occurs Fermentation down in the Glycolysis during Glucose Pyruvate Which Lactic acid Glycolysis Produces Kreb's Cycle Aerobic Respiration 2 ATP Anaerobic respiration Which Creates 2 molecules of Pyruvate When oxygen When is not oxygen is present present Mitochondria Occurs in the Anaerobic Repiration Aerobic Respiration Which starts Such as with Which makes Fermentation Kreb Cycle 2 ATP Which And ends Produces with Which makes ~30 ATP Lactic Acid ETC  Mitochondria Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell because they “burn” or break the chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in a cell. Remember that this energy originally came from the sun and was stored in chemical bonds by plants during photosynthesis. Glucose and other carbohydrates made by plants during photosynthesis are broken down by the process of aerobic cellular respiration (requires oxygen) in the mitochondria of the cell. This releases energy (ATP) for the cell. The more active a cell (such as a muscle cell), the more mitochondria it will have. The mitochondria are bout the size of a bacterial cell and are often peanut-shaped. Mitochondria have their own DNA and a double membrane like the nucleus and chloroplast. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is convoluted into folds called cristae in order to increase the surface area. 1. Why are mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell? They break the chemical of glucose to release energy to do work in the cell. 2. What cell process occurs in the mitochondria? Cellular Respiration 3. Why do some cells have MORE mitochondria? Give an example. The more active a cell the more mitochondria it will have. An example, are muscle cells which are more active having more mitochondria. 4. What simple sugar is broken down in the mitochondria? Glucose 5. Where does the energy in glucose come from ORIGINALLY? The sun 6. Where is this energy stored in glucose? Chemical bonds stored by plants 7. Why is cellular respiration an aerobic process? It requires oxygen 1 8. What energy is released when the chemical bonds of glucose are broken? ATP is released 9. Name two other organelles besides the mitochondria that contain DNA and have a double membrane. Nucleus and chloroplast 10. Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It is smooth 11. Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded? To increase the surface area. 12. What are the folds called? Cristae Color and label the outer membrane pink and the cristae red on figure 3. This greatly increases the surface area of the membrane so that carbohydrates (simple sugars) can combine with oxygen to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate (the energy molecule of the cell). The electron transport chain takes place across the membranes of the cristae (crista, singular). Inside the folds or cristae is a space called the matrix that contains enzymes needed for the Kreb's Cycle? Color and label the matrix yellow on figure 3. 2  FIGURE 3 - MITOCHONDRIA Mitochondria Cristae Matrix Outer Membrane Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine), a 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. The LAST TWO phosphate groups (PO4), are joined by HIGH-ENERGY bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released for cells to use and ADP forms. Enzymes help to break and reform these high-energy bonds. 13. What does ATP stand for? Adenosine Triphosphate 14. What three main things make up an ATP molecule? A adenine(nitrogen base), ribose(a 5 carbon sugar), and 3 phosphate groups. 15. How many high-energy bonds does ATP contain? 2 High energy bonds 16. Where are these high-energy bonds found in ATP? Between each phophaste groups. 17. What helps weaken these bonds so energy can be released and then later help reform them? Enzymes 18. When ATP loses a phosphate group __________ phosphate is released for cells and a molecule of _________ ADP forms. 3  In Figure 4, COLOR the 5-carbon sugar RED and LABEL it RIBOSE. COLOR and LABEL the nitrogen-base DARK BLUE. COLOR and LABEL the 3 phosphate groups YELLOW, and COLOR & LABEL the 2 high- energy bonds GREEN. FIGURE 4 – ATP MOLECULE Questions: 19. What is the energy molecule of the cell called? ATP 20. What macromolecule made by plants is "burned" in the mitochondria? Glucose(Carbohydrate) 21. How would the number of mitochondria in an insect's wing compare to the amount found in other cells in an insect's body? Explain your answer. The number of mitochondria in an insect's wing is larger than in the insect's body because the insect's wings cells require more activity. 22. What product of photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration? Glucose 23. What is the advantage of having a folded inner membrane in the mitochondria? To make more surface area for more chemical reactions to occur. 4  ADP, ATP, & Cellular Respiration PowerPoint Question Guide 1. _______ ATP is the energy used by all cells. 2. ATP stands for ________________ Adenosine Triphosphate ______________. organic 3. ATP is an ___________ phosphate molecule containing high-energy ____________ bonds. 4. The sugar in ATP is ____________, ribose while the nitrogen base is ___________. adenine 5. How many phosphate groups does ATP contain? 3 6. How do we get energy from ATP? We break the bond between the last 2 phosphate groups 7. Make a simple sketch of ATP and show the high-energy bond that is broken. Add water water 8. To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, _________ must be added. 9. The process is called ___________. hydrolysis 10. What enzyme is used to help weaken & break the last phosphate bond in ATP? ATPase 11. Can ATP be remade? Yes, using ATP synthase 12. When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, __________ ADP phosphate group and a free __________ form. 13. What enzyme can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP? ATP synthase 14. Using ATP's energy and then remaking it is called the ________________ ADP-ATP cycle. 15. In the body, ATP is made during the process of _____________ Cellular respiration ________________. 16. Cellular respiration takes place in both ____________ plants and ____________. animals 1 17. Cellular respiration requires the gas ____________. O2 18. In cellular respiration, _____________ glucose is oxidized (loses electrons) and O2 ___________ is reduced (gains electrons). 19. The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in ________ 36 to _______ 38 ATP molecules of energy. 20. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration. 6CO2 + 6H20+ 36-38ATP’s ​21. Cellular respiration is an example of a ________ redox reaction. 22. REDOX stands for _____________-____________ oxidation-reduction reactions. 23. What are the products of cellular respiration? carbon dioxide, water, and 36-38 ATP 24. What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration? NAD+ 25. NAD+_ is a _____________ coenzyme that forms ____________ NADH when it is reduced (picks up electrons). 26. What does NAD+ stand for? nicotinadenine dinucleotidev 27. Name a second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration. FAD 28. What does FAD+ stand for? Flavin adenine dinucleotide 29. FAD+ becomes __________ FADH2 whenever it is reduced. 30. Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a _______________ metabolic pathway ____________ because it involves many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates. 31. Cellular respiration is an ______________ exergonic reaction because it releases energy from glucose. 32. Glucose is broken down into __________ CO2 and _________. H2O 33. Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? Explain why. Catabolic because it breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules. 2 34. Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration. Glycosis, Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain 35. ____________ Glycosis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. while the __________ kreb cycle and ETC take place in the _______________. mitochondria 36. Sketch and label the parts of a mitochondrion. ourter membrane Inner membrane Matrix Cristae 37. Describe the outer surface of the mitochondria. Smooth folded 38. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is ___________. 39. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ___________. cristae 40. The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the ___________. matrix 41. Using the PowerPoint diagram, answer the following: a. Glycolysis occurs where? Cytoplasm b. Glycolysis produces what energy molecule? Pyruvate c. The products of glycolysis enter what other part of a cell? mitochondria d. What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle? Acetyl CoA e. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what? The electron transport chain f. The ETC occurs across what? Inner membrane of mitochondria g. What is the product at the end of the ETC? 34 ATP and H20 is made. h. What gas is added at the end of the ETC? Oxygen i. The Krebs cycle occurs where? Matrix in mitochondria j. What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle? Carbon dioxide 3  k. Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle? Yes, they make 2 l. Is ATP in the ETC? ATP isn't in ETC but is made in the ETC. 42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Explain why. Anaerobic because it doesn't require oxygen ​43. Glycolysis requires how much ATP to get started? 2 44. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of ______________ pyruvate or pyruvic _________. acid 45. Is any CO​2​ produced during glycolysis? No 46. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces ______ 4 ATP. 47. How much NADH (energy carrier) is made during glycolysis? 2 48. Glycolysis does ______ not require oxygen but may occur if _________ oxygen is present. 49. If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called _______________. fermentation anaerobic 50. Fermentation is an _____________ oxygen process because no ___________ is needed. 51. Name the 2 types of fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. ​52. Which fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells? Lactic acid Fermentation 53. _________ Lactic acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired. 54. ____________ Alcoholic fermentation in yeasts produces an alcohol called _____________. Ethanol 55. Fermentation only nets ______ 2 molecules of ATP. 56. Why did Hans Krebs receive the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953? He discovered the Krebs cycle 57. Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII? Because he was jewish 58. Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen? Yes 59. Processes needing oxygen are said to be ____________. aerobic 4  60. How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to burn one molecule of glucose? 2 61. What gas is made during the Krebs Cycle? carbon dioxide 62. Where does the Krebs cycle take place? the matrix in mitochondria 63. TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces ______ 4 CO​2​ molecules, ______ 6 NADH, _____FADH, and ____ 2 2 ATP molecules. 64. Label the parts of the Krebs Cycle. Kreb(Citric Acid) oxaloacetate citrate CO2 FADH2 NADH Fumarate ATP 65. The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the ____________ mitochondria and produces ________ ATP and water as an end product. 66. The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes __________ NAD+ and ________ FAD+ to make 34 ATP's of energy. 67. Each NADH makes _______ 3 2 ATP's, while each FADH makes only ______ ATP's. 5