IGIENA GENERALA Manual PDF
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Universitatea de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie „Nicolae Testemițanu”
2022
Ion Bahnarel, Gheorghe Ostrofeţ, Elena Ciobanu, Ovidiu Tafuni, Cătălina Croitoru, Aliona Tihon, Aliona Serbulenco, Olga Cernelev, Natalia Bivol, Radu Rusu
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Summary
This document is a general hygiene manual for medical students. It covers various hygiene-related topics, written by a team of authors and published in Moldova.
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xXzX³Á0«Èn³zÁÄXXn«0¨È nX!XXx n( à ÈzXà0«³XÁÁ0(0³ÁÁ(0x0(X!Xz¹XI«x!X0 ٻzX! n0Á0³Á0xXÄzÈٽ Ion BAHNAREL JǝƺȒȸǕǝƺ ³Á« I0Ä Elena CIOBANU Ovidiu TAFUNI...
xXzX³Á0«Èn³zÁÄXXn«0¨È nX!XXx n( à ÈzXà0«³XÁÁ0(0³ÁÁ(0x0(X!Xz¹XI«x!X0 ٻzX! n0Á0³Á0xXÄzÈٽ Ion BAHNAREL JǝƺȒȸǕǝƺ ³Á« I0Ä Elena CIOBANU Ovidiu TAFUNI !ƑɎƑǼǣȇƏ!« XÁ «È Aliona TIHON Aliona SERBULENCO Olga CERNELEV zƏɎƏǼǣƏ Xà n Radu RUSU IGIENA J0z0«n !ǝǣɈǣȇƑɖَדדבד Ion BAHNAREL, Gheorghe OSTROFEŢ, Elena CIOBANU, Ovidiu TAFUNI, Cătălina CROITORU, Aliona TIHON, Aliona SERBULENCO, Olga CERNELEV, Natalia BIVOL, Radu RUSU 6XEUHGDF܊LDSURIHVRUXOXLXQLYHUVLWDU Ion Bahnarel Aprobat la Consiliul de Management al Calității al Universității de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie „Nicolae Testemițanu”, nr. 4 din 05.07.2021 Autori: Referenți: Machetare: editura Garomont-Studio Tehnoredactare: Roșca Cristina Pre-press: tipografia Garomont Studio Editura: Garomont-Studio, SRL str. Ion Creangă, 39. Tel.: 067 228 277 e-mail: [email protected] Tipografia: SC Garomont Studio, SRL str. Alba Iulia, 75. Tel.: 076 706 287 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] DESCRIEREA CIP A CAMEREI NAȚIONALE A CĂRȚII DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA Igiena generală : Manual : (pentru studenţii Facultăţii Medicină) / Ion Bahnarel, Gheorghe Ostrofeţ, Elena Ciobanu [et al.] ; sub redacția: Ion Bahnarel ; Ministerul Sănătă- ţii al Republicii Moldova, Universitatea de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie "Nicolae Testemi- Bibliogr.: p. 417-419 (60 tit.). – 350 ex. ISBN 978-9975-162-35-7. 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