Airplane IFR Quick-Review Sheets PDF

.com Airplane IFR quick-review sheets Min. aeronautical experience required for an airplane instrument rating: v 50 hours x-country PIC time. Logging instrument time- Ø Of which, 10 hours in airplanes....

.com Airplane IFR quick-review sheets Min. aeronautical experience required for an airplane instrument rating: v 50 hours x-country PIC time. Logging instrument time- Ø Of which, 10 hours in airplanes. A person may log instrument time only for that flight v 40 hours actual or simulated instrument time Ø Of which 15 hours with CFII time when the person operates the aircraft solely by § Including one x-country flight of: reference to instruments under actual or simulated · 250 NM · Along airways or by directed ATC routing instrument flight conditions. · An inst. App. At each airport · 3 different kinds of approaches using nav. systems · With a filed IFR flight plan Instrument PIC recency of experience: Ø 3 hours in last 2 cal. Months prior to the practical test v Last 6 calendar months (under actual/simulated (§61.65) instrument or Flight Training Device/simulator, in the same aircraft category), logged: (“6 HITS”) Personal documents required for flight: § 6 instrument approaches. v Pilot certificate § Holding procedures & tasks. v Medical certificate § Intercept & Track courses through the use of v Authorized photo ID (passport, driver’s license, etc) v Restricted radiotelephone operator license (for flights outside the U.S.) electronic navigation Systems. (§61.3 and FCC) v Or, using an ATD (basically an approved PC-based flight simulator + hardware) in the last 2 calendar Aircraft documents required for flight: months prior to the flight: A.R.R.O.W- § 3 hours instrument experience. v A- Airworthiness certificate § Holding procedures & tasks. v R-Registration certificate § 6 instrument approaches. v R-Radio station license (for international flights) § 2 unusual attitude recoveries in a descending Vne v O-Operating limitations & AFM v W-Weight & Balance data condition. (§21.5, §91.103, §91.9, §91.203, FCC form 605) § 2 unusual attitude recoveries in an ascending stall speed condition. Aircraft maintenance inspections required for IFR: v Not current looking back 6 months? You can still log A.V.I.A.T.E- the requirements (6 HITS) and get current with a safety v A-Annual inspection every 12 cal. Months (§91.409) pilot (under simulated conditions), instructor or pilot v V-VOR every 30 days (§91.171) examiner. v I-100 hour inspection (§91.409) v The safety pilot must be at least a private pilot with the v A-Altimeter, altitude reporting and static system every 24 cal. months (§91.413) appropriate category and class. He must have adequate v T-Transponder every 24 months (§91.413) vision forward and to each side of the aircraft. When v E-ELT every 12 months (§91.207) using a safety pilot, the aircraft must have dual-control Preflight info required for IFR: (§91.103) system. W.K.R.A.F.T- v Looking back 12 cal. months not current? You need an v W- Weather reports and forecasts. Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC) by a CFII, v K- Known traffic delays as advised by ATC. examiner or approved person. v R- Runway length of intended use. v Certain IPC tasks, found in a table at the end of the v A- Alternatives available if flight cannot be completed as planned. instrument PTS, can be completed in an approved flight v F- Fuel requirements simulator or FTD. However, a full IPC can only be v T- Takeoff and landing performance data. conducted in certain full-motion simulators or in the Preflight self-assessment: actual aircraft, since some tasks (such as circling I.M S.A.F.E- maneuvers) cannot be completed on low-end FTDs and v I- Illness simulators. v M- Medication v To carry passengers as PIC v S- Stress § 3 takeoffs and landings in last 90 days in the same v A- Alcohol (“8 hours bottle to throttle”; no more than.04% of alcohol in blood) category, class and type (if type rating required). v F- Fatigue § At periods between 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour v E- Emotion before sunrise: 3 takeoffs and landings to a full Risk management & personal minimums stop during 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before P.A.V.E- sunrise in the last 90 days. v P- Pilot (general health, physical / mental / emotional state, proficiency, currency) v To act as PIC – flight review in the last 24 cal. Months v A- Aircraft (airworthiness, equipment, performance) (see FAR for exceptions) v V- EnVironment (weather hazards, terrain, airports / runways to be used & other (§61.56, §91.109, §61.57) conditions) v E- External pressure (meetings, people waiting at destination, etc.) Airplane IFR quick-review study sheets | page 1 | visit pilotscafe.com for more cool stuff V1.4 copyright 2011.com IFR flight plan v Required before entering controlled airspace under IFR (a clearance is also required) (§91.173) v How to file? o FSS (in person, radio or phone) o DUATS (online) o Through radio/phone with ATC o File at least 30 min. prior to est. departure time v Stored in the system for 1.5 hours from proposed time of departure. v Cancelation (AIM 5-1-14) o Towered airports – automatically canceled by ATC upon landing. o Non-towered airports – you must contact ATC/FSS to cancel. o Can cancel anytime not in IMC and outside class A airspace. v Preferred IFR routes are published in the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD). If a preferred route is published to your destination, you should file it in your flight plan. Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) (AIM 5-2-8) IFR minimum altitudes v Only provides obstruction clearance. IFR cruising ng altitudes v May be flown without an ATC clearance unless a SID or other (Based on Magnetic Magn C Course) instructions are assigned. (e.g. radar vectors) Minimum prescribed, or if none: v Graphic ODP denote “Obstacle” in the chart title. v All new RNAV ODPs are available in graphical form. v Found in the front of NACO chart booklets, arranged Mountainous areas: 2,000ft above 180°-359° 18 179 179° 0°-179° alphabetically by city name. highest obstacle within 4NM of Even Odd d v Jeppesen charts show ODPs under the airport diagram (x0-9) page, or, at larger airports, on a separate chart. course. thousnads thou thousnads snad snads or Flight or Flight gh ght Standard Instrument Departures (SID) (AIM 5-2-8) Levels Levelsls v Provide obstruction clearance and helps reducing radio Non-mountainous areas: 1,000ft congestion and workload by simplifying ATC clearances. above highest obstacle within 4NM v Pilot NAV SIDs – Pilot navigates by charted routes with minimal radio instructions. of course. (§91.177) v Vector SIDs –Navigation is based on radar vectors. Routes are not printed on the chart. (§91.179) (§91 91 v Some SIDs depict non-standard radio failure procedures. v File ”NO SIDs” in the remarks of your flight plan if you choose not to use them. IFR minimum fuel requirements (§91.167) v RNAV SIDs and all graphical RNAV ODPs require RNAV 1 performance. (±1 NM for 95% of the total flight time). Fuel from Fuel from destination Standard Terminal Arrivals (STAR) (AIM 5-4-1) departure :45 Minutes v Serves as a transition from the en route structure to a point from to alternate (if of fuel airport to which an approach can begin. required) at normal cruise v Transitions routes connect en route fixes to the basic STAR destination procedure. v Usually named according to the fix at which the basic procedure begins. v As with SIDs, you may state “No STARs” in your flight plan remark section if you choose not to use them. v RNAV STARS require RNAV 1 performance. Yes. minimum weather conditions required at an airport to list it as an alternate: The alternate airport minima specified in the procedures, or, if none: Do you need an alternate? ("1-2-3" or "1-2003" rule) §91.169 Precision approach: 600 ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility If within 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA forecasted weather is less then: Non-precision approach: (must be other than non-WAAS GPS) 800 ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility 2000 ft ceiling and/or No instrument approach at the alternate: 3 SM visibility ceiling & visibility allowing descent from MEA, approach and landing you need an alternate! under basic VFR. Airplane IFR quick-review study sheets | page 2 | visit pilotscafe.com for more cool stuff V1.4 copyright 2011.com aldeparture Basic IFR app. Fix/point clearance items C.R.A.F.T - v C-Clearance Limit v R-Route v A-Altitude v F-Frequency (for departure) v T-Transponder code Clearance void time – The time at which your clearance is void and after which you may not takeoff. You must notify ATC within 30 min after the void time if you did not depart. “Hold for release” – You may not takeoff until being released for IFR departure. Release time – The earliest time the aircraft may depart under IFR. Expect Departure Clearance Time (EDCT) – A runway release time given under traffic management programs in busy airports. Aircraft are expected to depart no earlier and no later than 5 minutes from the EDCT. Holding pattern timing Abbreviated departure clearance = “Cleared (…) as filed (…)” v Adjust the outbound leg so the inbound leg takes: (AIM 4-4-3, 5-2-5, 5-2-6) o At or below 14,000’ MSL – 1 minute o Above 14,000’ MSL – 1.5 minutes v DME/GPS holds – fly the outbound leg to the Mandatory reports under IFR specified distance from the fix/waypoint. M.A.R.V.E.L.O.U.S. V.F.R. C.500 - Max holding speeds v M-Missed approach (AIM 5-3-3) vUp to 6000’ MSL – 200 KIAS v A-Airspeed ±10kt / 5% change of filed TAS (AIM 5-3-3) v6001’-14,000’ MSL – 230 KIAS v R-Reaching a holding fix (report time & altitude) (AIM vAbove 14,000’ MSL – 265 KIAS 5-3-3) vMay be restricted to 175 KIAS on some inst. v V-VFR on top (AIM 5-3-3) approach procedures. v E*-ETA change ±3 min (AIM 5-3-3) v At Airforce fields – 310 KIAS* v L-Leaving a holding fix/point (AIM 5-3-3) v At Navy fields – 230 KIAS* v O*-Outer marker (AIM 5-3-3) *Unless otherwise depicted. v U-Unforecasted weather (§91.183) (AIM 5-3-7) v S-Safety of flight (§91.183) v V-Vacating an altitude/FL (AIM 5-3-3) IFR altitudes v F*-Final approach fix (AIM 5-3-3) v DA/H – Descent Altitude/Height. v R-Radio/Nav failure (§91.187) v MAA – Maximum Authorized Altitude. v C*-Compulsory reporting points (§91.183) v MCA – Minimum Crossing Altitude. v 500-unable climb/descent 500 fpm (AIM 5-3-3) v MDA/H – Minimum Descent Altitude/Height. *required only in a non-radar environment (including ATC v MEA – Minimum En route Altitude. Assures radar failure) navigation coverage and 1000’ (non-mountainous terrain) or 2000’ (mountainous) obstacle clearance. v MOCA – Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude. Position reports items Provides navigation coverage and obstacle v Aircraft ID clearance within 22 NM of the NAVAID. v Position v Time v MORA – Minimum Off-Route Altitude. (Jeppesen v Altitude/flight level charts). Including grid and route MORA. v Type of flight plan (except for communicating with v MRA – Minimum Reception Altitude ARTCC/approach control) v MVA – Minimum Vectoring Altitude. v ETA v OROCA – Off-Route Obstruction Clearance v The name only of the next succeeding reporting point along Altitude (NACO charts). Assures obstacle clearance the route of flight within 4NM of course. 1000’ over non-mountainous v Any pertinent remarks terrain; 2000’ over mountainous terrain. IFR takeoff minimums (§91.175) RVR(ft) Visibility(SM) No T/O minimums mandated for part 91 operations. 1,600 1/4 Part 121, 125, 129, 135: 2,400 1/2 3,200 5/8 v Prescribed T/O minimums for specific runway, or, if none: 4,000 3/4 v 1-2 engines: 1 SM visibility 4,500 7/8 v More than 2 engines: ½ SM visibility 5,000 1 6,000 1¼ Airplane IFR quick-review study sheets | page 3 | visit pilotscafe.com for more cool stuff V1.4 copyright 2011.com Lost communications procedure (§91.185) Altitude to fly Route to fly M.E.A –fly the highest among: A.V.E.F – select route by the following order: M – Minimum altitude prescribed for IFR A –Assigned route, if none: E – Expected (e.g. “expect 5000ft after 10 minutes”) V –Vectored (fly to the fix/route/airway last vectored to), if none: A – last altitude Assigned by ATC E –last Expected route by ATC, if none: F – Filed route Leaving the clearance limit Start descent and approach as close as possible to the EFC, or ETA (if no EFC given) Is the clearance limit a fix from which an approach At EFC or clearance limit (if no EFC given), proceed to a fix from which an approach begins? begins and start the approach Do not fly a procedure turn when: When can you descend below MDA/ DA? (§91.175) (§91.175, AIM 5-4-9) All three conditions must be met: S.H.A.R.P-T.T 1. The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the S- Straight in approach. intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers. H- Holding in lieu of a procedure turn. 2. The flight visibility (or the enhanced flight visibility, if equipped) is not less than the A- Arc visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used. R- Radar vectored to final app course. 3. At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly P- NoPT depicted on chart. visible and identifiable to the pilot: (except for CAT II & III approaches) T- Timed approach. a. The approach light system, except you may descend below 100 feet above the T- Teardrop course reversal. touchdown zone only if the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also visible and identifiable. Instrument approach types: b. The threshold. c. The threshold markings. Aircraft approach categories Precision (lateral + vertical course guidance): d. The threshold lights. CAT 1.3Vso Radius for circling v ILS-Instrument Landing System (Knots) maneuver v MLS-Microwave Landing System e. The runway end identifier lights. A 165 4.5 NM v VOR j. The runway lights. v NDB v RNAV/GNSS (LNAV minimums) v LOC v LDA-Localizer-type Directional Aid. Identical to Visual Descent point (VDP) a localizer but is not aligned with the runway. A defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straightǦin approach procedure from v SDF-Simplified Directional Facility. width: 6° or which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may begin provided adequate 12°. May be either aligned or not with the runway. v ASR-Approach Surveillance Radar visual reference is established. APV (APproach with Vertical guidance). Has glide If not equipped to identify the VDP, fly the approach as if no VDP was published. slope but does not meet ICAO precision app. standards: When a VDP is not published you can use this formula to calculate it: v RNAV/GNSS (LNAV/VNAV, LPV, baro-VNAV VDP (in NM from threshold) = HAT/300, or minimums) 10% of HAT = seconds to subtract from time to MAP v LDA with a glide slope When can you descend to next instrument approach Approach clearances segment? v Contact approach When cleared for the approach and established on a segment o Must be specifically requested by the pilot.(It cannot be initiated by ATC) of a published approach or route. o Requires at least 1SM reported ground visibility and the aircraft to remain clear of clouds. (AIM 5-4-7) o Available only at airports with approved instrument approach procedures. v Visual approach Standard rate turn angle of bank calculation o Initiated by either ATC or the pilot. TAS / 10 + 5 o Requires at least 1000’ ceiling and 3SM visibility. (IFR under VMC) Example: 120 KTAS- o Pilot must have either the airport or the traffic to follow in sight. 120 KTAS / 10 + 5 = 17° of bank Airplane IFR quick-review study sheets | page 4 | visit pilotscafe.com for more cool stuff V1.4 copyright 2011.com Minimum equipment required for flight (§91.205) For VFR day flight: For IFR day: all VFR day equipment + G.R.A.B C.A.R.D A T.O.M.A.T.O F.L.A.M.E.S- For IFR night: all VFR day + VFR night equipment + A-Altimeter G.R.A.B C.A.R.D- G- Generator/alternator T- Tachometer for each engine. R- Radios (two way and navigational equipment O- Oil temp indicator for each engine appropriate for the ground facilities to be used) M- Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine A- Altimeter(sensitive) adjustable for barometric pressure A- Airspeed indicator B- Ball (slip-skid indicator) T- Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine O- Oil Pressure gauge for each engine C- Clock (shows hours minutes and seconds and installed as part of aircraft equipment.) F- Fuel quantity gauge for each tank A- Attitude indicator L- Landing gear position lights (if retractable gear) R- Rate of turn indicator A- Anticolision lights (aircraft certificated after March 11, 1996) D- Directional gyro (Heading indicator) M- Magnetic direction indicator noperative instruments or equipment (§91.213) Operating with inoperative E- ELT, if required by §91.207 S- Safety belts / shoulder harnesses Aircraft has a MEL? For VFR night flight: All VFR day equipment + Follow MEL’s Is the inoperative equipment required by: F.L.A.P.S- · §91.205 or other regulations for kind of operations? F- Fuses (spare set) provisions ·Airworthiness Directive (AD)? L- Landing light (if for hire) ·Equipment list or kind of operations equipment list? A- Anticolision light ·VFR-day certification requirements? P- Position lights (navigation lights) S- Source of power (such as battery) Flying is permitted, provided: Flying not ·Equipment is removed, or allowed without ·deactivated and placarded a special flight “inoperative”. permit ·Pilot/mechanic determines safe to fly · Standard VOR service VOR limitations: 60,000 ft v Cone of confusion. volumes 100 NM 45,000 ft v Reverse sensing.(if used incorrectly) v Requires line of site to station. 130 NM VOR receiver checks: (§91.171) 18,000 ft 18,000 ft Every 30 calendar days. 12,000 ft 100 NM 14,500 ft v VOT ±4° 25 40 40 v Repair station ±4° NM NM NM v VOR ground checkpoint ±4° 1000 ft 1000 ft 1000 ft v VOR airborne checkpoint ±6° v Dual VOR cross-check ±4° Terminal Low High v Above a prominent ground landmark on a selected radial at least 20 NM from a VOR, flying at a “reasonably low altitude” ±6° VOR: v VOR- VHF Omni directional Range VOR check signoff: (§91.171) v 108.0 to 117.95 MHz excluding frequencies at the 108.10-111.95 range with odd tenths. D.E.P.S v Full scale deflection: 10° v D- Date v Distance off course = 200 ft per dot per NM from VOR station. v E- Error v Distance to station = TAS X minutes for bearing change /degrees of bearing change v P- Place v Time to station = Seconds for bearing change /degrees of bearing change v S- Signature v Standard service volumes do not apply to published routes. Airplane IFR quick-review study sheets | page 5 | visit pilotscafe.com for more cool stuff V1.4 copyright 2011.com Distance Measuring Equipment NDB: (DME) v Non-Directional Beacon v 962-1213 MHz (UHF). v Operates at the 190-535 kHz range (can receive and point towards commercial radio AM v Normally tuned automatically with a station at 550 -1650 kHz). paired VHF station (VOR/LOC). v Low to medium frequency band. v The Airborne DME unit transmits an v ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) in aircraft points towards the NDB station. interrogation signal. v Magnetic Bearing = Magnetic Heading + Relative Bearing v The ground DME facility receives and replies to the interrogation. v The time passed is used by the NDB service volume classes: airborne unit to calculate the slant range distance from the aircraft to the Compass Locator 15NM station. Medium High (MH) 25NM v Slant range error is negligible at 1 NM from the DME station per every High (H) 50NM (may be less, as published in a NOTAM or the A/FD 1000ft. High High (HH) 75NM Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer v Frequency range: 108.1 to 111.95 MHz with odd tenths only. v Width: Between 3°-6° so that the width at the threshold would be 700 feet. Usually 5° total width. (2.5 full deflection to each side, which is 4 times more sensitive than a VOR). v Coverage range: 35° to each side of the centerline for the first 10NM and 10° up to 18NM from the antenna and up to an altitude of 4500'. Glide slope False glide slope v Frequency range: 329.3 to 335 MHz (UHF) (GS is Glide slope 10 automatically tuned with localizer frequency). 0.7° v Width: 1.4 degree (full deflection is 0.7º either direction). 0.7° NM v Range: typically up to 10 NM. v Slope: 2.5°-3.5°. 3° v Errors: False glide slope above normal glide slope. 250-650 feet 750-1250 feet Marker beacons v Provides range information over specific points along the approach. Transmits at 75 MHz. v Outer marker: 4-7 miles out. Indicate the position at which the aircraft should intercept the GS at the appropriate interception altitude ±50ft. BLUE. “- - -“ v Middle marker: ~3500ft from the runway. Indicates the approximate point where the GS meets the decision height. Usually 200ft above the touchdown zone elevation. AMBER. “. -. -” v Inner marker: between the MM and runway threshold. Indicates the point where the glide slope meets the DH on a CAT II ILS approach. WHITE. “...” v Back course marker: Indicates the FAF on selected back course approaches. Not a part of the ILS approach. WHITE. “....” Compass locator Approach Light System (ALS) Low-power NDB transmitter (at least 25 Watts and 15NM range) v Helps the transition between radio-guided flights into a visual installed together with the OM or the MM on some ILS approach. v Can help in estimating flight visibility if you know the dimensions approaches. of the specific ALS configuration. ILS Category Visibility (RVR) DH CAT I 2400' or 1800' 200' CAT II 1200' 100' CAT IIIa >700'